{"id":132990,"date":"2021-01-24T14:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-24T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/?p=132990"},"modified":"2021-06-15T16:35:24","modified_gmt":"2021-06-15T13:35:24","slug":"ikinci-bolum-komunizmin-avrupadaki-baslangici","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/index.php\/ikinci-bolum-komunizmin-avrupadaki-baslangici","title":{"rendered":"\u0130kinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Kom\u00fcnizmin Avrupa\u2019daki Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizmin hayaleti, Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla yok olmad\u0131.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Epoch Times, \u201cKom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum\u201d<\/a>un yazarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u201cKom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?\u201d<\/a> adl\u0131 \u00c7ince kitab\u0131n \u00e7eviri serisini okurlar\u0131na sunuyor.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n \u015eeytani \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Marxizm\u2019in Tarihi Gel<\/strong>i\u015fimi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Frans\u0131z Devrimi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Kom\u00fcnizm\u2019in Paris\u2019te \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u00d6nceAvrupa, Ard\u0131ndanD\u00fcnya<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ortodoks dinlerde \u00f6nceden bildirilen kehanetlerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu, Nostradamus taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ve Peru’dan Kore’ye d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde aktar\u0131lan kehanetlerde oldu\u011fu gibi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00c7in tarihinde, Han’dan Ming hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kadar \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f kehanet yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kehanetler bize tarihin tesad\u00fcfi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, daha \u00e7ok ba\u015fl\u0131ca olaylar dizisinin \u00f6nceden kurgulanm\u0131\u015f bir drama oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Yeni bir tarihsel d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 da m\u00fcjdeleyebilecek olan tarihin bu son d\u00f6neminde, d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm dinler ayn\u0131 \u015feyi bekliyor: Yaradan’\u0131n insan alemine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her draman\u0131n bir doruk noktas\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u015eeytan, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok etmek i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlemeler yapm\u0131\u015f olsa da, Yaradan’\u0131n d\u00fcnyadaki insanlar\u0131 uyand\u0131rmak, \u015feytan\u0131n esaretinden ka\u00e7malar\u0131na yard\u0131m etmek ve onlara kurtulu\u015f sunmak i\u00e7in y\u00f6ntemleri vard\u0131r. \u0130yi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki nihai sava\u015f bug\u00fcn g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki Ortodoks dinler, Yaradan’\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi d\u00f6nemde, ahlaki de\u011ferler yok oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015feytanlar, nefret ve u\u011fursuz olaylarla \u00e7alkalanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden bildirmi\u015fti. T\u0131pk\u0131 bug\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yozla\u015fma durumunun meydana gelmesi uzun bir zaman ald\u0131. Y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce, temel fakt\u00f6rlerin y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle ba\u015flad\u0131: ateizm ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aldatma. T\u00fcm \u015fekli ile aldatmay\u0131 i\u00e7eren ideoloji Karl Marx taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131 ve teoriyi ac\u0131mas\u0131zca uygulamaya koyan ise Vladimir Lenin idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Marx ateist de\u011fildi. O bir satanist idi ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yaradan’\u0131 son d\u00f6nemde tan\u0131mas\u0131na engel olmak i\u00e7in bir \u015feytan haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n \u015eeytani \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx, hayat\u0131 boyunca bir\u00e7ok kitap yay\u0131nlad\u0131. En iyi bilinen kitaplar\u0131 1848 Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto ve 1867-1894 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Das Kapital’in \u00fc\u00e7 cildidir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar kom\u00fcnist hareketin teorik temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyen y\u0131llar\u0131nda ruhunu \u015feytan\u0131n emrine teslim etti\u011fi ve insan d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda onun bir temsilcisi haline geldi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fi pek bilinmez. Marx, gen\u00e7li\u011finde inan\u00e7l\u0131 bir Hristiyand\u0131. \u015eeytani bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ge\u00e7irmeden \u00f6nce hevesle Tanr\u0131\u2019ya inan\u0131yordu. \u0130lk \u015fiirlerinden \u201c\u00dcmitsizlik \u0130\u00e7erisindeki Bir Ki\u015finin Yakar\u0131\u015flar\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 \u015fiirinde Marx, Tanr\u0131\u2019dan intikam alma niyetini \u015f\u00f6yle ifade etti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve bir tanr\u0131 her\u015feyimi elimden al\u0131verdi<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaderin laneti ve eziyeti ad\u0131na.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyalar\u0131 hat\u0131rlayamayaca\u011f\u0131m kadar uzak!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benim i\u00e7in geriye kalan tek \u015fey ise intikam!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kendimden<\/em>intikam almaktan gurur duyaca\u011f\u0131m<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanr\u0131y\u0131 y\u00fccelten o varl\u0131ktan,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fc zay\u0131f olan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 yaparak,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130yi olan benli\u011fimi hi\u00e7bir \u00f6d\u00fcl beklemeden b\u0131rakarak!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taht\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fcksekte in\u015fa edece\u011fim,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zirvesi so\u011fuk, \u00e7ok so\u011fuk olacak<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siperi – cahilce korku,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mare\u015fali \u2013 en derin \u0131zd\u0131rap olacak. [1]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Marx, 10 Kas\u0131m 1837 tarihli babas\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yordu: \u201cBir perde d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, en kutsal olan kutsallar\u0131m par\u00e7aland\u0131 ve yerine yeni tanr\u0131lar konulmal\u0131yd\u0131\u2026 Ger\u00e7ek bir huzursuzluk beni ele ge\u00e7irdi ve ben sizin sevgili huzurunuzda olana kadar bu heyecanl\u0131 ruhlar\u0131 sakinle\u015ftiremeyece\u011fim.\u201d [2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx \u201cSolgun K\u0131z\u201d adl\u0131 \u015fiirinde gen\u00e7 bir kad\u0131n\u0131n \u0130sa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 olan sevgisinden vazge\u00e7ip korkun\u00e7 bir son ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 gen\u00e7 kad\u0131n\u0131n lirik sesinden anlat\u0131r. Bu \u015fiirde Marx \u015f\u00f6yle yazar; <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu y\u00fczden cenneti kaybettim, bunu \u00e7ok iyi biliyorum.<\/em>
Bir zamanlar Tanr\u0131\u2019ya sad\u0131k olan ruhum, cehennem i\u00e7in se\u00e7ildi.<\/em> [3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n ailesi, ondaki de\u011fi\u015fimleri \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde fark ediyordu. 2 Mart 1837 tarihli bir mektupta babas\u0131 ona \u015funlar\u0131 yazd\u0131: \u201c\u0130lerlemen, bir g\u00fcn isminin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcne kavu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n umudu ve bu d\u00fcnyadaki refah\u0131n kalbimin tek arzular\u0131 de\u011fil. Bunlar uzun zamand\u0131r sahip oldu\u011fum yan\u0131lsamalar, ama seni temin ederim ki onlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi beni mutlu etmez. Sadece kalbin saf kal\u0131rsa ve insani duygularla atarsa ve hi\u00e7bir \u015feytan kalbini iyi hislerden uzakla\u015ft\u0131ramazsa, i\u015fte sadece o zaman mutlu olaca\u011f\u0131m.\u201d [4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx’\u0131n k\u0131zlar\u0131ndan biri, gen\u00e7ken Marx’\u0131n ona ve k\u0131z karde\u015flerine bir\u00e7ok masal anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n en sevdi\u011fi masal, her zaman para s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7eken ve g\u00fczel kuklalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015feytana satmaktan ba\u015fka se\u00e7ene\u011fi olmayan sihirbaz Hans R\u00f6ckle’\u0131n dolamba\u00e7l\u0131 hikayesiydi. [5] Marx’\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015feytana satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey ise kendi ruhuydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nceki \u00f6rneklerde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, Tanr\u0131’y\u0131 terk etmek ve \u015feytanla ili\u015fki kurmak, Marx’\u0131n \u015fiirinde ortak bir temad\u0131r. \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 Ka\u011f\u0131t\u00e7\u0131\u201d \u015fiirinde Marx lirik bir sesle \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nas\u0131l olur! Saplad\u0131m, \u0131skalamadan saplad\u0131m<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kan karas\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131m\u0131 senin ruhuna.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanr\u0131n\u0131n ne istedi\u011fi ne de bildi\u011fi bu sanat,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cehennem\u2019in kara sisleri i\u00e7inden beyine s\u0131\u00e7rar.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalp b\u00fcy\u00fclenene kadar, duyular ortaya \u00e7\u0131kana kadar:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeytan ile anla\u015fmam\u0131 yapt\u0131m. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benim i\u00e7in i\u015faretler koyuyor, tempo tutuyor,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ben de \u00e7abucak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrce \u00f6l\u00fcm mar\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131yorum.<\/em>[6]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n biyografisinde yazar Robert Payne, Marx\u2019\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hikayelerin asl\u0131nda kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131 betimledi\u011fini ve \u015feytan ad\u0131na bilin\u00e7li olarak hareket ediyormu\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n ruhu \u015feytana d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Duydu\u011fu \u00f6fke ile Marx, Tanr\u0131\u2019y\u0131 ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilecek bir \u015fey olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Amerikal\u0131 politik filozof Eric Voegelin \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: “Marx, kendini d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ba\u015ftan yaratan Tanr\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. O yarat\u0131lan olmak istemedi. D\u00fcnyay\u0131 yarat\u0131lan bir varl\u0131k perspektifinden g\u00f6rmek istemedi. … D\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u2018coincidentia oppositorum\u2019 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, yani Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n konumundan g\u00f6rmek istedi.\u201d [8]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u0130nsan Onuru\u201d \u015fiirinde Marx, Tanr\u0131\u2019dan kopma ve onunla e\u015fit durumda olma arzusunu \u015f\u00f6yle dile getirdi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonra i\u015f eldivenlerimi savururum<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyerek d\u00fcnyan\u0131n surat\u0131na.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dev di\u015fi c\u00fcce a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekilir, inleyerek,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131\u015flar, mutlulu\u011fumu bozamaz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir tanr\u0131ya c\u00fcret ettim<\/em>
Zaferdeki o harap diyar\u0131n i\u00e7inden.<\/em>
Her kelime Eylem ve Ate\u015ftir,<\/em>
Ve g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcmde Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131nki gibi.<\/em>[9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fka bir \u015fiirde, Marx \u015f\u00f6yle yazd\u0131, \u201cG\u00f6klerden y\u00f6netenden intikam almak istiyorum,\u201d ve \u201cTanr\u0131 fikri sap\u0131k bir uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel dayana\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu fikir yok edilmelidir.\u201d [10]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx \u00f6ld\u00fckten k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, hizmet\u00e7isi Helene Demuth, Marx\u2019\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, bir s\u0131ra mum \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir t\u00fcr dua rit\u00fceli ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fini g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Marx, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc bir\u015feye inan\u0131yordu. [11]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi boyunca, b\u00fcy\u00fck bilgeler insanlara ayd\u0131nlanmaya giden yolu \u00f6\u011fretti ve d\u00fcnya medeniyetlerinin temellerini att\u0131. \u0130sa Mesih, H\u0131ristiyan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturdu ve Lao Zi’nin bilgeli\u011fi, \u00c7in felsefesinin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan Taoizm’in temelini att\u0131. Eski Hindistan’da, Sakyamuni’nin \u00f6\u011fretileri Budizm’i do\u011furdu. Onlar\u0131n bilgeliklerinin k\u00f6kenleri mucizevidir-anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131radan e\u011fitimlerden de\u011fil, kendilerini manevi olarak yeti\u015ftirerek elde ettikleri ayd\u0131nlanmadan edinmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx’\u0131n teorileri ise kendisinden \u00f6nce gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu, ancak nihai anlamda teorileri k\u00f6t\u00fc hayaletten kaynakland\u0131. \u201cHegel \u00dczerine\u201d adl\u0131 \u015fiirinde Marx \u015funlar\u0131 yazd\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her\u015feyin en \u00fcst\u00fcnde olanlar\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n Derinliklerini buldu\u011fumdan beri, <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir Tanr\u0131 gibi kaba, bir Tanr\u0131 gibi karanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan gizlenmi\u015fim.<\/em>[12]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu hayaletin ayarlamas\u0131 ile, Marx insan d\u00fcnyas\u0131na girdi. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tanr\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman ederek cehennemde ebedi i\u015fkence ile mahkum olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00fczere ahlak\u0131 yozla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kom\u00fcnizm tarikat\u0131n\u0131 kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Marxizm’in Tarihi Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marksizm’in yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bu k\u00f6t\u00fc hayalet \u00e7e\u015fitli entellekt\u00fcel ve sosyal temeller att\u0131. Bu temelleri, kom\u00fcnizmin y\u00fckseli\u015fi ba\u011flam\u0131nda inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilim insanlar\u0131, Marx\u2019\u0131n Tanr\u0131\u2019y\u0131 ilk reddedenlerden biri olan Ludwig Feuerbach\u2019tan etkilendi\u011fine inan\u0131rlar. Feuerbach dinin ki\u015finin \u201cbilincin sonsuzlu\u011fu\u201d hakk\u0131ndaki fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, yani insanlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde kendi yeteneklerini hayal ederek Tanr\u0131’y\u0131 \u200b\u200bicat etti\u011fine inan\u0131yordu.[13] Feuerbach\u2019\u0131n teorisi, kom\u00fcnizmin nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda bize biraz \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutuyor. Bilim, makinalar, maddi mallar, t\u0131p ve konfor konular\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeler, mutlulu\u011fun maddi zenginli\u011fin bir fonksiyonu oldu\u011fu izlenimini yaratt\u0131. Bu nedenle, herhangi bir memnuniyetsizlik sosyal s\u0131n\u0131rlamalardan kaynaklanmal\u0131yd\u0131. Maddi ilerleme ve sosyal de\u011fi\u015fim ile insanlar\u0131n ilahi olana hi\u00e7bir ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan bir \u00fctopya kurabilme arac\u0131na sahip olduklar\u0131 san\u0131ld\u0131. Bu vizyon, insanlar\u0131 ayartmak ve ard\u0131ndan da kom\u00fcnizm tarikat\u0131na kabul edilmelerini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in ba\u015fl\u0131ca ara\u00e7 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feuerbach, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Tanr\u0131’y\u0131 \u200b\u200bilk reddeden ki\u015fi de\u011fildi. David Friedrich Strauss, \u0130ncil’in ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini ve \u0130sa’n\u0131n ilahili\u011fini 1835 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130sa’n\u0131n Hayat\u0131n\u0131n Ele\u015ftirel Olarak \u0130ncelenmesi kitab\u0131nda sorgulad\u0131. Bu ateist fikirler, on yedinci ve on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Ayd\u0131nlanmaya hatta antik Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n zaman\u0131na kadar gitmektedir. Ama \u00e7ok ge\u00e7mi\u015fe gitmek bu kitab\u0131n amac\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx’\u0131n Kom\u00fcnist Manifestosu, Charles Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131ndan on y\u0131l \u00f6nce yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, evrim teorisi Marx’a g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte olduk\u00e7a bilimsel bir temel sa\u011flad\u0131. E\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn t\u00fcrler \u201cdo\u011fal seleksiyon\u201d sonucu evrimle\u015fmi\u015f ve insanlar sadece en geli\u015fmi\u015f organizmalar ise, o zaman Tanr\u0131 diye bir \u015fey yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aral\u0131k 1860’da Marx, Engels\u2019e yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yaz\u0131da, Darwin\u2019in teorisinden \u00f6vg\u00fc ile bahsediyordu. T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019ni \u201cbizim fikrimize [tarihsel materyalizm] do\u011fa-tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir dayanak sa\u011flayan kitap\u201d olarak nitelendirdi. Marx, Ocak 1862’de sosyalist filozof Ferdinand Lassalle’a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta,” Darwin’in kitab\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ve tarihteki s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini do\u011fa-bilimi perspektifinden a\u00e7\u0131klamam i\u00e7in bir temel olu\u015fturuyor\u201d dedi. [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fa Bilimleri alan\u0131ndaki evrim teorisi ve felsefe alan\u0131ndaki materyalizm, Marxizm\u2019e insanlar\u0131 yan\u0131ltmak ve takip\u00e7i toplamak i\u00e7in iki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ara\u00e7 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx’\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda toplum derin de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ge\u00e7irdi. \u0130lk Sanayi Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, zanaat i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi seri \u00fcretim ile yer de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Tar\u0131mdaki teknolojik ilerleme, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc fazlas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fehirlere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na ve fabrikalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Serbest ticaret, sat\u0131\u015f ve pazarlamada yenilik yaratt\u0131. Sanayile\u015fme, \u015fehirlerin y\u00fckseli\u015fini ve insanlar\u0131n, bilginin ve fikirlerin hareketlili\u011fini te\u015fvik etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx, Almanya’dan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmesinin ard\u0131ndan Fransa\u2019ya, Bel\u00e7ika\u2019ya ve daha sonra \u0130ngiltere’ye ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Londra\u2019n\u0131n gecekondu mahallelerinde Dickens romanlar\u0131ndaki gibi fakir bir \u00e7evrede ya\u015fad\u0131. \u0130kinci Sanayi Devrimi, Marx’\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n daha sonraki y\u0131llar\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131 ve elektrik kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motoru ve kimyasal \u00fcretimi getirdi. Telgraf\u0131n ve telefonun icad\u0131 ileti\u015fimde devrim yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanlar teknolojik de\u011fi\u015fimler aras\u0131nda yeni d\u00fcnyaya uyum sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken, her de\u011fi\u015fiklik toplumda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ya\u015fanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Pek \u00e7o\u011fu bu de\u011fi\u015fimlere ayak uyduramad\u0131 ve varl\u0131kl\u0131 olanlar ile yoksul olanlar aras\u0131ndaki kutupla\u015fma, ekonomik krizler ve benzeri olaylar b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, teknoloji do\u011fal d\u00fcnyay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeyi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kibiri artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu toplumsal kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar, Marx’\u0131n toplumsal normlar\u0131n ve geleneklerin yok edilmesi gereken bask\u0131c\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yaymak i\u00e7in olgun ko\u015fullar yaratt\u0131. Ancak Marksist etkiyi, \u015feytan\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma ve insan ile ilahi aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 koparma konusundaki uzun vadeli plan\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele almak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Frans\u0131z Devrimi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1789 Frans\u0131z Devrimi’nin etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck ve geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131yd\u0131; monar\u015fiyi yok etti, geleneksel sosyal d\u00fczeni bozdu ve bir mafya y\u00f6netimi sistemine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engels \u015f\u00f6yle der: “Devrim kesinlikle en otoriter \u015feydir; bu, n\u00fcfusun bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n iradesini di\u011fer tarafa t\u00fcfekler, s\u00fcng\u00fcler ve top gibi, tabii bunlara sahipse, otoriter ara\u00e7larla dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir eylemdir; ve e\u011fer kazanan taraf bo\u015funa sava\u015fmak istemiyorsa, o zaman bu hakimiyeti, gericilerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 metodlardan esinlenen ter\u00f6r ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ile s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelidir.\u201d [15]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z Devrimi’nden sonra iktidara gelen Jakoben kul\u00fcb\u00fc bunu iyi biliyordu. Frans\u0131z Kral\u0131 XVI. Louis\u2019nin infaz\u0131ndan sonra, Jakoben lideri Maximilien Robespierre’nin Ter\u00f6r D\u00f6nemi, \u00e7o\u011fu tamamen masum olan yetmi\u015f bin ki\u015finin infaz\u0131na sebep oldu. Daha sonraki nesiller Robespierre’nin mezar ta\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine \u015funlar\u0131 yazd\u0131;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buradan ge\u00e7mekte olan, dua et<\/em>
Kederlenme \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm i\u00e7in;<\/em>
\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ben bug\u00fcn ya\u015f\u0131yor olsayd\u0131m,<\/em>
Burada sen olacakt\u0131n benim yerime!<\/em> [16]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jakoben Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019ndeki ekonomik, politik ve din kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ter\u00f6r\u00fc kom\u00fcnist partilerin zul\u00fcm yapmas\u0131na kap\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. Frans\u0131z devrimcileri, Devrim Mahkemesi ve Paris’te ve di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerde giyotinler kurarak Lenin ve Stalin’in siyasi cinayetlerine rehber oldular. Devrim komiteleri, bir mahkumun su\u00e7lu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verirken, Ulusal Kongre’nin \u00f6zel ajanlar\u0131 ordu ve idari alt kademeler \u00fczerinde hakimiyet kurdu. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ya da proleterler en devrimci s\u0131n\u0131f olarak kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10 Haziran 1794’te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 22 Prairial Kanununa ya da B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r Yasas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6n duru\u015fmalar ve savunma avukatlar\u0131 yasakland\u0131 ve t\u00fcm mahkumiyetlerin \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verildi. Kan\u0131t yerine s\u00f6ylentiler, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar ve ki\u015fisel yarg\u0131lar, bir karara varmak i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli kabul edildi. Kanunun yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131, Ter\u00f6r D\u00f6nemini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geni\u015fletti ve tahminen 300.000 ila 500.000 ki\u015fi \u015f\u00fcpheli olarak hapse at\u0131ld\u0131.[17]Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Jakobenlerin ekonomik ter\u00f6r\u00fc, Lenin’in Rusya’da uygulayaca\u011f\u0131 \u201csava\u015f kom\u00fcnizminin\u201d habercisi gibiydi.26 Temmuz 1793’te tah\u0131l istiflemek \u00f6l\u00fcmle cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacak bir su\u00e7 haline geldi. Devrim Ordular\u0131 olarak bilinen paramiliter g\u00fc\u00e7ler, evler, ambarlar ve depolarda stoklanm\u0131\u015f tah\u0131llar\u0131 aramak \u00fczere kasaba ve k\u00f6yleri ya\u011fmalamak i\u00e7in yetkilendirildi. \u0130stif\u00e7ilikle su\u00e7lananlar, \u00e7eteler taraf\u0131ndan par\u00e7alanacak veya giyotine g\u00f6nderilecekti. [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z devrimcilerinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan biri Katolik inanc\u0131yd\u0131. Ter\u00f6r D\u00f6nemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette\u2019nin de aralar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrimciler, Ak\u0131l Tarikat\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen bir ateizm bi\u00e7imi kurdular. Bu tarikat Ayd\u0131nlanma e\u011filimlerine dayan\u0131yordu ve Katolikli\u011fi yok etmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. [19]5 Ekim 1793’te Ulusal Kongre, H\u0131ristiyan takvimini kald\u0131rd\u0131 ve Cumhuriyet Takvimini ba\u015flatt\u0131.10 Kas\u0131m’da Paris\u2019teki Notre-Dame katedrali bir t\u00f6renle Ak\u0131l Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019na \u00e7evrildi. Bu t\u00f6rende gen\u00e7 bir aktris Ak\u0131l Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 olarak tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 ve kitlelere bir ibadet nesnesi olarak sunuldu. Ak\u0131l Tarikat\u0131n\u0131n emirleri h\u0131zla Paris’in her yerinde uyguland\u0131. Bir hafta i\u00e7inde sadece \u00fc\u00e7 Hristiyan kilisesi faaliyette kalacak \u015fekilde hepsi kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Dini ter\u00f6r Paris’i sard\u0131. Rahipler toplu halde tutukland\u0131 ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 idam edildi [20].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z Devrimi, yaln\u0131zca Lenin taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Sovyet rejimi i\u00e7in bir model olmakla kalmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda Marksizmin geli\u015fmesiyle de yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z Devrimi’ni ya\u015fayan ve E\u015fitler Komplosu’na kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in 1797’de idam edilen \u00fctopik bir sosyalist olan Fran\u00e7ois-No\u0451l Babeuf, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 savundu. Marx, Babeuf’u ilk devrimci kom\u00fcnist olarak kabul etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalist ideolojiler, on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Frans\u0131z siyasetinde derin izler b\u0131rakmaya devam etti. Babeuf’u ruhani kurucusu olarak kabul eden Kanun Ka\u00e7aklar\u0131 Birli\u011fi, Paris’te h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131. Alman terzi Wilhelm Weitling 1835’te birli\u011fe kat\u0131ld\u0131. Onun liderli\u011finde gizli topluluk kendisini Adalet Birli\u011fi olarak yeniden adland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haziran 1847’de yap\u0131lan bir toplant\u0131da Adalet Birli\u011fi, Marx ve Engels \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Kom\u00fcnist \u0130leti\u015fim Komitesi ile birle\u015ferek Kom\u00fcnist Birli\u011fi\u2019ni olu\u015fturdu. \u015eubat 1848’de, Marx ve Engels, uluslararas\u0131 kom\u00fcnist hareketinin temel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto’yu yay\u0131nlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napolyon y\u00f6netiminin sona ermesinin ard\u0131ndan \u0130spanya, Yunanistan, Portekiz, Almanya, \u0130talya’n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgeleri, Bel\u00e7ika ve Polonya’y\u0131 etkisi alt\u0131na alan devrimler ve ayaklanmalar birbiri ard\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.1848’e gelindi\u011finde, t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 etkilemi\u015f olan devrim ve sava\u015f, kom\u00fcnizmin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok uygun bir ortam sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1864’te, Marx ve di\u011ferleri, Birinci Enternasyonal olarak da bilinen Uluslararas\u0131 Emek\u00e7iler Birli\u011fi’ni kurdu. Marx’\u0131 kom\u00fcnist i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin ruhani lideri olarak se\u00e7tiler. Lider olarak Marx, kat\u0131 disiplinli devrimcilerden olu\u015fan ve i\u015f\u00e7ileri ayaklanmaya s\u00fcr\u00fckleyecek \u00e7ekirdek bir kadro yaratmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, kendisiyle ayn\u0131 fikirde olmayan herkesi \u00f6rg\u00fctten uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bahaneler buldu. \u0130lk b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus Marksisti olan Mihail Bakunin kom\u00fcnist hareket i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok \u00fcye toplamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Marx taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7arl\u0131k ajan\u0131 olmakla su\u00e7land\u0131 ve Birinci Enternasyonal’den kovuldu. [21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1871’de, Birinci Enternasyonal’in Frans\u0131z kolu ilk kom\u00fcnist devrimini ba\u015flatt\u0131 ve bu sayede Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc iktidara y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Paris\u2019te Komunizm\u2019in Sahneye \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n 1870 Fransa-Prusya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki yenilgisinin ard\u0131ndan kuruldu. Frans\u0131z \u0130mparatoru III.Napolyon teslim olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Prusya ordular\u0131 geri \u00e7ekilmeden \u00f6nce Paris’i ku\u015fatt\u0131. Frans\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden huzursuzlukla birle\u015fen teslim olman\u0131n verdi\u011fi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanma, Paris’te genel bir ayaklanmaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Yeni kurulan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Fransa Cumhuriyeti, ba\u015fkentte bir g\u00fc\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fu b\u0131rakarak Versay’a \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mart 1871’de Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, sosyalistlerin, kom\u00fcnistlerin, anar\u015fistlerin ve di\u011fer aktivistlerin \u00f6nderli\u011finde toplumun en alt s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan silahl\u0131 \u00e7etelerin ve haydutlar\u0131n isyan\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131. Hareket, Birinci Enternasyonal’e ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde onun etkisi alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Birinci Enternasyonal i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131, geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc y\u0131kmak ve toplumun politik ve ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in devrimin arac\u0131 olarak kullanmay\u0131 hedefliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130syanc\u0131lar Paris’in se\u00e7kin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, an\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 ve sanat\u0131n\u0131 yerle bir ederken bunu geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 katliam ve y\u0131k\u0131m izledi. Frans\u0131z yazarlar Edmond ve Jules Goncourt y\u0131k\u0131ma kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n duygular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetlemek i\u00e7in \u015f\u00f6yle yazd\u0131lar: “Param olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 ayak basamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m an\u0131tlar\u0131n, operalar\u0131n, m\u00fczikli kafelerin orada olmas\u0131n\u0131n bana ne yarar\u0131 var?” Kom\u00fcn zaman\u0131nda Paris’te g\u00f6rev yapan Amerikal\u0131 diplomat Wickham Hoffman ise, olaylar\u0131 \u201csert, ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve zalimce; ve kanl\u0131 1789 Devrimi’nin \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc bir miras\u0131\u201dolarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Amerikal\u0131 yazar ve yay\u0131nc\u0131 William Pembroke Fetridge Kom\u00fcn\u00fc \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu en canice [olay]\u201d ve \u201ckan ve \u015fiddet dolu bir devrim\u201d olarak betimledi. Liderleri i\u00e7in ise \u201cac\u0131mas\u0131z, g\u00f6z\u00fc d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f, \u2026 Fransa\u2019y\u0131 reddeden \u2026 ka\u00e7\u0131klar, alkol ve kanla sarho\u015f olmu\u015flar\u201d dedi.[22]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gelenek ve gelenek kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadele Frans\u0131z Devrimi’nde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve seksen y\u0131l sonra da devam etmi\u015ftir. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc’n\u00fcn onursal ba\u015fkan\u0131 Louis-Auguste Blanqui \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cFransa’n\u0131n payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki ilke: me\u015fruiyet ve halk egemenli\u011fidir. \u2026 Halk egemenli\u011fi ilkesi, gelece\u011fin t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmekten b\u0131kan kitleleri, onlar\u0131 bo\u011fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir araya getiriyor.\u201d [23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131smen, bir \u00fclkenin refah\u0131n\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren \u00fctopik sosyalist Henri de Saint-Simon’un nefret dolu fikirlerinden kaynaklan\u0131yordu.O, parazit olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zenginlerin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc savunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa’daki \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f’ta Marx, Kom\u00fcn’\u00fc kom\u00fcnist bir devlet olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131: \u201c\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun do\u011frudan antitezi Kom\u00fcn idi. Paris proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi \u015eubat Devrimi’ni ba\u015flatan \u2018sosyal cumhuriyet\u2019 slogan\u0131, sadece monar\u015fik s\u0131n\u0131f egemenli\u011fi bi\u00e7imini de\u011fil, s\u0131n\u0131f egemenli\u011finin tamam\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racak bir cumhuriyete kar\u015f\u0131 belirsiz bir \u00f6zlemi ifade ediyordu. Kom\u00fcn bu cumhuriyetin olumlu bi\u00e7imiydi.\u201d Buna ek olarak Marx, “Kom\u00fcn, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin eme\u011fini az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zenginli\u011fi yapan s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fclkiyeti kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131” diye yazd\u0131. [24]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, kom\u00fcnist devrim y\u00f6ntemlerine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti. Napolyon’a adanm\u0131\u015f Vend\u00f4me S\u00fctunu da dahil olmak \u00fczere an\u0131tlar y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Kiliseler ya\u011fmaland\u0131, din adamlar\u0131 katledildi ve dini \u00f6\u011fretiler okullardan yasakland\u0131. \u0130syanc\u0131lar, azizlerin heykellerini modern k\u0131yafetlerle giydirdiler ve a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131na pipo yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vah\u015fete erkekler kadar kad\u0131nlar da kat\u0131ld\u0131. O s\u0131rada Paris’te bulunan \u00c7inli bir diplomat olan Zhang Deyi, g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde durumu \u015f\u00f6yle anlatt\u0131: \u201c\u0130syanc\u0131lar sadece erkek haydutlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermiyordu; Kad\u0131nlar da isyana kat\u0131ld\u0131. \u2026 B\u00fcy\u00fck binalarda konaklad\u0131lar ve nefis yiyeceklerle kendilerine ziyafet \u00e7ektiler. Ancak kendilerine gelen tehlikenin fark\u0131nda olmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in keyifleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Yenilginin e\u015fi\u011fine gelince, binalar\u0131 ya\u011fmalay\u0131p yakt\u0131lar. Paha bi\u00e7ilmez hazineler k\u00fcl oldu. Y\u00fczlerce kad\u0131n isyanc\u0131 tutukland\u0131 ve kundaklamay\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla kad\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fini kabul ettiler.\u201d [25]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, iki aydan biraz fazla s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve sonra Frans\u0131z ordusu taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.23 May\u0131s 1871’de, son savunma hatt\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmeden \u00f6nce, Kom\u00fcn liderleri L\u00fcksemburg Saray\u0131’n\u0131n (Frans\u0131z Senatosu’nun merkezi), Tuileries Saray\u0131’n\u0131n ve Louvre’un yak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Paris Opera Binas\u0131, Paris Belediye Binas\u0131, \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Palais Royal ve Champs-Elys\u00e9es’in her iki yan\u0131ndaki l\u00fcks restoranlar ve birinci s\u0131n\u0131f apartmanlar da h\u00fck\u00fcmetin eline ge\u00e7meden y\u0131k\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O ak\u015fam, katran, asfalt ve terebentin ta\u015f\u0131yan Kom\u00fcn \u00fcyeleri, Paris’in bir\u00e7ok yerinde yang\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Muhte\u015fem Tuileries Saray\u0131 alevler i\u00e7inde kayboldu. Neyse ki, kundak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n hemen yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndaki Louvre’u yakma giri\u015fimi, Adolphe Thiers\u2019e ait birliklerin geli\u015fiyle engellendi.[26]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc’n\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan teorisini h\u0131zla uyarlad\u0131 ve Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto’yu i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devlet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 sadece ele ge\u00e7irmekle kalmay\u0131p, onu tamamen par\u00e7alay\u0131p yok etmesi gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in revize etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referanslar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. Karl Marx, Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n Erken D\u00f6nem \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131: \u015eiir Kitab\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki \u201c\u00dcmitsizlik \u0130\u00e7erisindeki Bir Ki\u015finin Yakar\u0131\u015flar\u0131\u201d,<\/em> Marxists Internet Ar\u015fivi, 28 A\u011fustos 2019, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1837-pre\/verse\/verse11.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Karl Marx, \u0130lk Yaz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki <\/em>\u201cMarx\u2019tan Trier\u2019deki Babas\u0131na Mektup\u201d, Marxists Internet Ar\u015fivi, 28 A\u011fustos 2019, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1837-pre\/letters\/37_11_10.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Karl Marx, Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n Erken D\u00f6nem \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131: \u015eiir Kitab\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki \u201cSoluk K\u0131z\u201d,Marxists Internet Ar\u015fivi, 28 A\u011fustos 2019, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1837-pre\/verse\/verse24.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Heinrich Marx, Richard Wurmbrand i\u00e7erisinde at\u0131fta bulunuldu\u011fu \u015fekilde, Marx &\u015eeytan<\/em> (Westchester, Ill.: Crossway Books, 1986), 21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Eleanor Marx-Aveling, Marx ve Engels\u2019den Edebiyat ve Sanat \u00dczerine i\u00e7erisinde \u201cMarx\u2019\u0131n Edebi \u0130lgileri \u00dczerine Biyografik Notlar,\u201d Marxists Internet Ar\u015fivi, 18 Nisan 2020 tarihinde eri\u015filmi\u015ftir,https:\/\/marxists.catbull.com\/archive\/marx\/bio\/marx\/eleanor-literature.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Karl Marx, Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n Erken D\u00f6nem \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131: \u015eiir Kitab\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 Ka\u011f\u0131t\u00e7\u0131\u201d,<\/em> Marxists Internet Ar\u015fivi, 28 A\u011fustos 2019, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1837-pre\/verse\/verse4.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Robert Payne, Marx<\/em> (New York: Simon ve Schuster, 1968).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Eric Voegelin, Ayd\u0131nlanmadan Devrime,<\/em> ed. John H. Hallowell (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1975), 298\u2013299.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. Karl Marx, Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n Erken D\u00f6nem \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131: \u015eiir Kitab\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki \u201c\u0130nsan Onuru\u201d,<\/em> Marxists Internet Ar\u015fivi, 28 A\u011fustos 2019, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1837-pre\/verse\/verse20.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Marx, Wurmbrand i\u00e7erisinde at\u0131fta bulunuldu\u011fu gibi, Marx &\u015eeytan,<\/em> 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Wurmbrand, Marx &\u015eeytan,<\/em> 28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n Erken D\u00f6nem \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131: \u015eiir Kitab\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki \u201cHegel \u00dczerine\u201d,<\/em> Marxists Internet Ar\u015fivi, 28 A\u011fustos 2019,<\/em> https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1837-pre\/verse\/verse15.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Ludwig Feuerbach, Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00d6z\u00fc \u00dczerine<\/em> i\u00e7erisindeki \u201cGenel Olarak Dinin \u00d6z\u00fc \u00dczerine,\u201d Marxists Internet Ar\u015fivi, 28 A\u011fustos 2019,<\/em> https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/reference\/archive\/feuerbach\/works\/essence\/ec01_1.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Karl Marx, I. Bernard Cohen i\u00e7erisinde at\u0131fta bulunuldu\u011fu gibi, Bilimde Devrim (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985), 345.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. Friedrich Engels, Marx-Engels Okuyucusu i\u00e7erisindeki <\/em>\u201cOtorite \u00dczerine,\u201d Marxists Internet Ar\u015fivi, 18 Nisan 2020 tarihinde eri\u015fildi, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1872\/10\/authority.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. \u201cRobespierre\u2019in Mezar Yaz\u0131t\u0131,\u201d Sava\u015f Baltas\u0131<\/em> (9 Ocak 1796), Romantik \u00c7evreler, 6 Eyl\u00fcl 2019 tarihinde eri\u015filmi\u015ftir, https:\/\/www.rc.umd.edu\/editions\/warpoetry\/1796\/1796_2.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. Jacques Godechot, New Cambridge Modern Tarihi<\/em> i\u00e7erisindeki \u201cSava\u015flar S\u0131ras\u0131nda Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u0130\u00e7sel Tarihi, 1793\u20131814,\u201d ed. C. W. Crawley (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1965), 9:280\u2013281.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. Miguel A. Faria Jr., \u201cFrans\u0131z Devriminin Ekonomik Ter\u00f6r\u00fc,\u201d Hacienda Publishing, 1 Temmuz 2003, 18 Nisan 2020 tarihinde eri\u015filmi\u015ftir, https:\/\/haciendapublishing.com\/articles\/economic-terror-french-revolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Politik Devrimler ve Yeni \u0130deolojiler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 Ansiklopedisi, 1760\u20131815<\/em> (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, Inc., 2007), 119.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. William Henley Jervis, The Galikan Kilisesi ve Devrim <\/em>(London: Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co., 1882).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. W. Cleon Skousen, \u00c7\u0131plak Kom\u00fcnist<\/em> i\u00e7erisindeki \u201cKomunizmin  Kurucular\u0131\u201d (Salt Lake City, UT: Ensign Publishing Company, 1962).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. John M. Merriman, Katliam: Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn Ya\u015fam\u0131 ve \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc <\/em>(New York: Basic Books, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. Louis-Auguste Blanqui, Louis-Auguste Blanqui<\/em>\u2019nin Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f Eserleri<\/em> i\u00e7erisindeki \u201cHalk\u0131n Dostlar\u0131 Toplulu\u011fu \u00d6n\u00fcnde Konu\u015fma\u201d (Scotts Valley, CA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011), 15.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. Karl Marx, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Sivil Sava\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki <\/em>\u201cParis Kom\u00fcn\u00fc,\u201d Marxistlerin Internet Ar\u015fivi, 19 Nisan 2020 tarihinde eri\u015fildi, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1871\/civil-war-france\/index.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. Zhang Deyi \u5f35\u5fb7\u5f5d, San shu qi<\/em> \u4e09\u8ff0\u5947 [\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc G\u00fcnl\u00fck<\/em>], (Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe, 1995). [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. Merriman, Katliam<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27. Vladimir Lenin, Lenin\u2019in Toplu Eserleri<\/em> 2. Cilt i\u00e7erisindeki \u201cFrederick Engels,\u201d (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972), Marxistlerin \u0130nternet Ar\u015fivi,19 Nisan 2020 tarihinde eri\u015filmi\u015ftir,   https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/lenin\/works\/1895\/misc\/engels-bio.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28. Eric Hobsbawm, D\u00fcnya Nas\u0131l De\u011fi\u015fir?: Marx ve Marksizm Yaz\u0131lar\u0131<\/em> (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2011), 214.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29. Winston Churchill, \u201cBar\u0131\u015f \u0130\u00e7in Gerekli Kaynaklar (\u2018Demir Perde Konu\u015fmas\u0131\u2019)\u201d (konu\u015fma, Westminster College, Fulton, MO, March 5, 1946), Uluslararas\u0131 Churchill Toplulu\u011fu, 19 Nisan 2020 tarihinde eri\u015filmi\u015ftir,https:\/\/winstonchurchill.org\/resources\/speeches\/1946-1963-elder-statesman\/the-sinews-of-peace<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devam\u0131… \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00fcmler: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ns\u00f6z: Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f: Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Hayaletin \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yok Etme Stratejileri<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Kom\u00fcnizmin Avrupa\u2019daki Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Do\u011fu\u2019daki Zul\u00fcm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Devrimin D\u0131\u015f \u00dclkelere S\u0131zmas\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizcesi i\u00e7in: How the Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ortodoks dinlerde \u00f6nceden bildirilen kehanetlerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu, Nostradamus taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ve Peru’dan Kore’ye d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde aktar\u0131lan kehanetlerde oldu\u011fu gibi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00c7in tarihinde, Han’dan Ming hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kadar \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f kehanet yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13974,"featured_media":132992,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"","_yoast_wpseo_focuskw_text_input":""},"categories":[519,8135],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130kinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Kom\u00fcnizmin Avrupa\u2019daki Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 - 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5. \u00d6nce Avrupa, Ard\u0131ndan D\u00fcnya<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcncellenmi\u015f manifestosu kom\u00fcnizmi daha da etkili hale getirdi.14 Temmuz 1889’da, Marx’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden alt\u0131 y\u0131l, Birinci Enternasyonal’in da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan on \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l ve Frans\u0131z Devrimi’nden y\u00fcz y\u0131l sonra, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kongresi yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Tarih\u00e7ilerin \u0130kinci Enternasyonal olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 yerde Marksistler yeniden topland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa i\u015f\u00e7i hareketi, “insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftir” ve “sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r” gibi kom\u00fcnist sloganlar\u0131n rehberli\u011finde h\u0131zla kendini kabul ettirdi. Lenin daha sonra \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: \u201cMarx ve Engels’in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na verdi\u011fi hizmetler birka\u00e7 kelimeyle ifade edilebilir: \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kendini tan\u0131may\u0131 ve kendi bilincinde olmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frettiler ve hayallerin yerine bilimi koydular.\u201d [27]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yalanlar ve beyin y\u0131kama, halk hareketlerine kom\u00fcnist ideolojiyi bula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131 ve giderek daha fazla insan\u0131n onu kabul etmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1914’e gelindi\u011finde, on milyondan fazla sendika \u00fcyesi ve yedi milyondan fazla kooperatif \u00fcyesi olan otuza yak\u0131n k\u00fcresel ve yerel sosyalist \u00f6rg\u00fct ve daha bir\u00e7ok say\u0131s\u0131z sendika ve kooperatif vard\u0131. Ve genelde sosyalistler saflar\u0131na yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde s\u0131zm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7i Eric Hobsbawm D\u00fcnya Nas\u0131l De\u011fi\u015fir?: Marx ve Marksizm Yaz\u0131lar\u0131<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cMarksizmin etkisi baz\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli ve yayg\u0131nd\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sosyalist ve i\u015f\u00e7i hareketleri ile siyasi ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n neredeyse t\u00fcm sosyal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler Marx’tan etkilenmi\u015fti.\u201d[28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizm, Avrupa \u00fczerinden Rusya ve Do\u011fu Asya’ya da yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.1880’lerde Lenin, Das Kapital’i okudu ve Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto’yu Rus\u00e7a’ya \u00e7evirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Siyasi faaliyetleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7arl\u0131k Rus yetkilileri taraf\u0131ndan hapsedildi ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, Rusya’da kom\u00fcnizmin zaferine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u00c7ar II. Nicholas’\u0131 deviren 1917 devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Lenin, Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Y\u0131l sonunda Rusya’ya geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve Ekim Devrimi’nde iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi.  Rusya eski geleneklere, geni\u015f bir n\u00fcfusa ve bol do\u011fal kaynaklara sahip bir ulustu. Sovyet rejiminin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fclkesinin topraklar\u0131nda kurulmas\u0131, d\u00fcnya kom\u00fcnist hareketi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir nimetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131pk\u0131 I.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n Rusya\u2019daki kom\u00fcnistlerin y\u00fckseli\u015fine yard\u0131m etti\u011fi gibi, II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 da kom\u00fcnist hareketin Avrasya’da \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na ve \u00c7in’i ele ge\u00e7irmesine neden oldu. II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi n\u00fckleer silahlarla donanm\u0131\u015f s\u00fcper bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline geldi ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda kom\u00fcnizmi yaymaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Winston Churchill, \u00fcnl\u00fc “Demir Perde” konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi: \u201cSon zamanlarda M\u00fcttefiklerin zaferiyle ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lan sahnelerin \u00fczerine bir g\u00f6lge d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sovyet Rusya ve onun uluslararas\u0131 kom\u00fcnist \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn yak\u0131n gelecekte ne yapmay\u0131 planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da e\u011fer varsa, geni\u015fleme ve insanlar\u0131 kom\u00fcnizme \u00e7evirme e\u011filimlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu kimse bilmiyor.”[29]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So\u011fuk Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fcnya, d\u00f6rt k\u0131taya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kom\u00fcnist kutupla \u015fiddetli bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya girdi. Ama \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fcnyan\u0131n uluslar\u0131 bi\u00e7im olarak demokratik kalsalar bile, zamanla \u00f6z\u00fcnde sosyaliste d\u00f6nd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21 Eyl\u00fcl 2020 tarihinde g\u00fcncellenmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devam\u0131: \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Konu<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizcesi i\u00e7in: How the Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n