{"id":133895,"date":"2021-03-16T20:16:04","date_gmt":"2021-03-16T17:16:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/?p=133895"},"modified":"2021-06-15T16:33:01","modified_gmt":"2021-06-15T13:33:01","slug":"dorduncu-bolum-devrimin-dis-ulkelere-sizmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/index.php\/dorduncu-bolum-devrimin-dis-ulkelere-sizmasi","title":{"rendered":"D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Devrimin D\u0131\u015f \u00dclkelere S\u0131zmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizmin hayaleti, Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla yok olmad\u0131.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Epoch Times, \u201cKom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum\u201d<\/a>un yazarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u201cKom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?\u201d<\/a> adl\u0131 \u00c7ince kitab\u0131n \u00e7eviri serisini okurlar\u0131na sunuyor.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Devrimin Asya’ya S\u0131zmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Kore Sava\u015f\u0131
b. Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131
c. K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerler (Khmer Rouge)
d. \u00c7KP\u2019nin G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’ya S\u0131zmas\u0131, Y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Devrimin Latin Amerika ve Afrika’ya S\u0131zmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Latin Amerika
b. Afrika<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Do\u011fu Avrupa’da Sosyalizm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Do\u011fu Avrupa’daki Halk Hareketlerine Sovyet Bask\u0131s\u0131
b. Arnavutluk ve \u00c7in<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131 Kom\u00fcnizm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lan kom\u00fcnist k\u00fclt, \u015fiddet ve aldatmaca ile besleniyor. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi veya \u00c7in gibi kom\u00fcnist s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7ler, siyasi sistemlerini zay\u0131f \u00fclkelere dayatmak i\u00e7in askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanm\u0131\u015f olsalar da, etkin kullan\u0131lan propagandan\u0131n kom\u00fcnist rejimlerin hiddet dolu zaferlerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011fu, hatta onlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda, \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi, B\u00fcy\u00fck D\u0131\u015f Propaganda Program\u0131’na milyarlarca dolar ak\u0131tarak bu stratejisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. [1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm, Do\u011fu’daki kom\u00fcnist rejimlerin, \u00f6zellikle \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin (\u00c7HC) ideolojilerini ve etkilerini, \u00f6zellikle So\u011fuk Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Asya, Afrika, G\u00fcney Amerika ve Do\u011fu Avrupa’ya nas\u0131l yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bilgi sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Devrimin Asya’ya S\u0131zmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in kom\u00fcnist hareketi, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne bor\u00e7ludur. 1919’da Bol\u015fevik rejim, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda devrimi ilerletme arac\u0131 olarak \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal’i (Komintern) kurdu. Nisan 1920’de, Comintern temsilcisi Grigori Voitinsky \u00c7in’e gitti ve k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00c7KP’nin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klar yapmak \u00fczere \u015eangay’da bir ofis a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca, \u00c7KP tamamen Sovyet fonuna ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131yd\u0131 ve Sovyet kom\u00fcnist rejiminin bir organ\u0131 olarak hizmet etti. [2] \u00c7KP, ard\u0131ndan otuz y\u0131l boyunca \u00c7in’de Sovyet \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 ilerletmeye devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP’nin anakara \u00c7in’deki zaferi dolayl\u0131 olarak ABD’deki solcu etkisiyle ili\u015fkiliydi. \u00c7inli kom\u00fcnistlere sempati duyan ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’ndaki yetkililer ve di\u011fer kurumlar, Washington’un \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda \u00c7in’deki siyasi duruma ili\u015fkin anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirdi. Etkileri, ABD’nin \u00c7an Kay \u015eek’in Milliyet\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmetine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131 kesmesine neden oldu ve bu arada Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, \u00c7KP’ye deste\u011fini artt\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Harry Trumanda sava\u015ftan sonra Amerika’n\u0131n Asya’daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme karar\u0131 ald\u0131. 1948’de ABD birlikleri G\u00fcney Kore’den \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 5 Ocak 1950’de Truman, ABD’nin Tayvan Bo\u011faz\u0131’ndaki meselelere kar\u0131\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bu, sava\u015f durumunda bile, o noktada Tayvan adas\u0131na \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve kom\u00fcnistlerin elindeki anakaran\u0131n i\u015fgaliyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan Milliyet\u00e7i \u00c7in’e askeri yard\u0131m\u0131n kesilmesini i\u00e7eriyordu. [3] ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Dean Acheson, Truman’\u0131n politikas\u0131n\u0131 yineledi ve Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131’n\u0131n ABD’nin \u201csavunma \u00e7evresi\u201d d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Bu m\u00fcdahale kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar, kom\u00fcnist blo\u011fun Asya’daki etkisini geni\u015fletmesi i\u00e7in bir f\u0131rsat sa\u011flad\u0131 ve ancak Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler’in Haziran 1950’de Kuzey Kore taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgalinin ard\u0131ndan G\u00fcney Kore’yi savunmak i\u00e7in oy kullanmas\u0131yla sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, devrim ihracat\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n temel ta\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131. Di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde sol kanat ayaklanmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in mali destek, e\u011fitim ve silah sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00c7HC bazen me\u015fru h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere kar\u015f\u0131 gerilla sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na do\u011frudan yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in asker g\u00f6nderdi. 1973’te K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00c7HC’nin d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131m harcamalar\u0131 ulusal b\u00fct\u00e7esinin yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 7’sine ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP’nin devrimi ihra\u00e7 etme konusundaki savurgan projesi, \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n serveti\u2014ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman hayatlar\u0131\u2014ile \u00f6dendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7HC D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f gizli belgelere eri\u015fimi olan \u00c7inli bilim adam\u0131 Qian Yaping’e g\u00f6re, \u201c1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gine’ye on bin ton pirin\u00e7, Arnavutluk’a on be\u015f bin ton bu\u011fday g\u00f6nderildi. 1950’den 1964 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar, toplam d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131m harcamas\u0131 10,8 milyar yuan idi ve bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda en \u00e7ok harcama B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7in K\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n ortas\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.\u201d 1958’den 1962’ye kadar, k\u0131tl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131nda on milyonlarca insan a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Buna ra\u011fmen, o y\u0131llarda d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131m harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131 2,36 milyar yuan idi. Bu para yurt i\u00e7inde harcanm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, say\u0131s\u0131z \u00c7inli a\u00e7l\u0131ktan kurtar\u0131labilirdi. [5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Kore Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist partiler, daha fazla b\u00f6lgeyi fethetmek ve insanlar\u0131 kendi k\u00f6t\u00fc ideolojileri alt\u0131na toplamak i\u00e7in Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Kim Il Sung ve Ho Chi Minh gibi g\u00fcce a\u00e7 liderleri kullanarak d\u00fcnya hakimiyeti aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7ine girerler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25 Haziran 1950’de, kapsaml\u0131 bir planlaman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Kuzey Kore, G\u00fcney’i i\u015fgal etti. Seul sadece \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcnde d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve bir bu\u00e7uk ayl\u0131k sava\u015ftan sonra neredeyse t\u00fcm Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131 Kuzeyin i\u015fgali alt\u0131na girdi. Mao, Kore Sava\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in kendi haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Mart 1950’de \u00c7in ordular\u0131, Kuzey’e yard\u0131m etmek \u00fczere \u00c7in-Kore s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. BM g\u00fc\u00e7leri Kuzey Kore topraklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine do\u011fru ilerlerken \u00c7KP, Halk\u0131n G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Ordusu’nu harekete ge\u00e7irerek Kim’in kom\u00fcnist rejimini tam bir y\u0131k\u0131mdan kurtard\u0131. Sava\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve her iki tarafta da milyonlarca can ald\u0131. Kom\u00fcnist \u00c7in, yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon kay\u0131p verdi. [6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP’nin, Kim rejimini kurtarman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fka bir nedeni daha vard\u0131: \u00c7in i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda 1,7 milyon asker \u00c7KP’nin saflar\u0131na kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in Kuomintang (Milliyet\u00e7i \u00c7in) g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kore Sava\u015f\u0131, bu siyasi olarak g\u00fcvenilmez birlikleri ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in uygun bir f\u0131rsat sa\u011flad\u0131. [7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7HC ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Kuzey Kore \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfuz sahibi olmak i\u00e7in sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Kuzey her iki taraftan da yararland\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Kim 1966’da \u00c7in’i ziyaret etti\u011finde Pekin metro sisteminin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemledi ve Pyongyang’da ayn\u0131 metronun \u00fccretsiz olarak in\u015fa edilmesini talep etti. Mao derhal Pekin’deki in\u015faat\u0131 durdurarak ekipman ve personeli\u2014toplamda on binlerce personelden olu\u015fan Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu Demiryolu Birli\u011fi’nin iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fchendisi\u2014Pyongyang’a g\u00f6ndermeye karar verdi. Kuzey, in\u015faatta bir kuru\u015f harcamad\u0131 veya kendi i\u015f\u00e7isini kullanmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7KP’den sava\u015f zamanlar\u0131nda metronun g\u00fcvenli\u011fini garanti etmesini talep etti. Sonunda, Pyongyang’\u0131n metro sistemi, ortalama 90 metre (295 fit) derinlik ve yeralt\u0131nda maksimum 150 metre (492 fit) derinlik ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en derin sistemlerinden biri oldu. \u0130n\u015faat tamamland\u0131ktan sonra Kim, halk\u0131na bunun Koreliler taraf\u0131ndan tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve in\u015fa edildi\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Dahas\u0131, Kim s\u0131k s\u0131k Pekin’i es ge\u00e7erek, para ve malzeme i\u00e7in do\u011frudan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne gitti. Kore Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00c7KP, Kuzey Kore’yi \u00c7HC y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde tutmak amac\u0131yla \u00fclkeye temsilcilerini yerle\u015ftirdi. Bunun yerine, \u00c7KP’ye dost olanlar, Kim’in tasfiyesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ya da hapse at\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00c7HC t\u00fcm cephelerde kaybetti. [8]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kore, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan dayat\u0131lan kom\u00fcnizmin deh\u015fetini \u00f6zetlemektedir. Kim rejimi d\u00fcnyadaki en ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve bask\u0131c\u0131 rejimden biridir ve Kuzey Kore halk\u0131 ezici bir yoksulluk i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra \u00c7KP, Kuzey Kore’ye olan yard\u0131m\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltt\u0131. 1990’larda Kuzey Kore y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir k\u0131tl\u0131k ya\u015fad\u0131. Sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc Kuzey Kore Savunmac\u0131lar Derne\u011fi, 2007’de Kim hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kom\u00fcnist y\u00f6netiminin ilk 60 y\u0131l\u0131nda en az 3,5 milyon Kuzey Korelinin a\u00e7l\u0131k ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 hastal\u0131klardan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bildirdi. [9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan \u00f6nce \u00c7KP, Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrge h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 Vietnam Kom\u00fcnist Partisini (VKP) destekledi. 1954’te Frans\u0131zlar, \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7’da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131, bu durum o y\u0131lki Cenevre Konferans\u0131 ve Kuzey ile G\u00fcney Vietnam aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n \u00c7inhindi’den (Indochina) \u00e7ekilmesinin ard\u0131ndan, Kuzey Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh Yolunu kullanarak Laos ve Kambo\u00e7ya \u00fczerinden G\u00fcney’i i\u015fgal etti. 1964’ten 1973’e kadar Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, kom\u00fcnizmin G\u00fcney’e yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleme \u00e7abas\u0131yla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131ld\u0131. O d\u00f6nem Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131, II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra tek bir alandaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mao, VKP’ye 1950’lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015fmanlar g\u00f6nderdi. Askeri dan\u0131\u015fma grubunun ba\u015f\u0131, \u00c7in’in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu (PLA) Generali Wei Guoqing idi. \u00c7KP’nin toprak reformu dan\u0131\u015fma grubu, on binlerce Vietnaml\u0131 toprak sahibini ve \u201czengin k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc\u201d g\u00f6zalt\u0131na ald\u0131, idam etti ve Kuzey’de k\u0131tl\u0131k ve isyanlar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden oldu. \u00c7KP, VKP’nin bu ayaklanmalar\u0131 bast\u0131rmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etti ve \u00c7KP’nin 1942-1944 Yenan D\u00fczeltme Hareketi’ne benzer \u015fekilde Parti ve ordunun ideolojik d\u00fczeltme hareketlerini ba\u015flatt\u0131. Mao, \u00c7in’de on milyonlarca insan\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmesine ra\u011fmen Vietnam’a b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yard\u0131m etti. Bunu, Vietnam’da n\u00fcfuz i\u00e7in Sovyetlerle rekabet etmek ve ayr\u0131ca \u00c7KP i\u00e7indeki otoritesini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1962’de \u00c7KP ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Liu Shaoqi, Yedi Bin Halk Meclisi’nde Mao’nun felaketle sonu\u00e7lanan B\u00fcy\u00fck At\u0131l\u0131m politikas\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirdi ve ekonomik restorasyon i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klar yapt\u0131. Bu, Mao’yu etkili bir \u015fekilde marjinalle\u015ftirmek anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Bu y\u00fczden, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc elinde tutmak i\u00e7in, Mao \u00c7HC’yi Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131’na daha fazla dahil olmaya itti. Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu (PLA) \u00fczerinde hi\u00e7bir etkisi olmayan Liu, ekonomik iyile\u015fme planlar\u0131n\u0131 rafa kald\u0131rmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1963’te Mao, \u00f6nce Luo Ruiqing’i, ard\u0131ndan General Lin Biao’yu Vietnam’a g\u00f6nderdi. Liu Shaoqi, Ho Chi Minh’e, \u00c7HC’nin Kuzey Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenece\u011fine dair s\u00f6z verdi ve ona, “Bir sava\u015f olursa \u00c7in’i evinizin cephesi olarak g\u00f6rebilirsiniz” dedi. \u00c7KP bu s\u00f6z\u00fc yerine getirdi. 1975’e gelindi\u011finde, \u00c7KP’nin Vietnam’a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplam yard\u0131m 20 milyar dolara ula\u015ft\u0131 ve y\u00fcz binlerce \u00c7in askeri \u00e7e\u015fitli sava\u015f ve destek rollerinde hizmet etmek \u00fczere Kuzey Vietnam’a konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ronik bir \u015fekilde, VKP’nin \u00c7KP’den talep etti\u011fi yard\u0131m, \u00c7HC ile Kuzey Vietnam aras\u0131nda siyasi bir k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 oldu. Kuzey Vietnaml\u0131lar\u0131n Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ile sava\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00c7KP onlara s\u00fcrekli olarak silah ve m\u00fchimmat sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu arada VKP, sava\u015f\u0131 daha \u00e7abuk bitirmeyi umuyordu ve 1969’dan ba\u015flayarak ABD liderli\u011findeki Paris bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine kat\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler \u00c7in’i d\u0131\u015flad\u0131, bu da VKP’nin, Pekin’in ABD’yi Vietnam’da k\u0131s\u0131tlama arzusunu baltalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970’lerde, \u00f6nde gelen \u00c7KP askeri lideri Lin Piao’nun ka\u00e7ma ve \u00f6l\u00fcm giri\u015fimlerinin ard\u0131ndan, Mao’nun acilen siyasi otoritesini yeniden sa\u011flamaya ihtiyac\u0131 oldu. Dahas\u0131, 1969’da Ussuri Nehri boyunca ya\u015fanan bir dizi askeri \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00c7in-Sovyet ili\u015fkileri en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyeye ula\u015ft\u0131. Mao, Sovyet tehdidine kar\u015f\u0131 koymak i\u00e7in ABD ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131 ve ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Richard Nixon’u \u00c7in’e davet etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kendi \u00fclkesinde, Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden muhalefetle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan ABD, sava\u015fmaya devam etmeye kar\u015f\u0131 isteksizdi ve 1973’te birliklerini Vietnam’dan geri \u00e7ekti. 30 Nisan 1975’te Kuzey Vietnam, Saygon’u i\u015fgal etti ve G\u00fcney Vietnam’\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. \u00c7KP’nin y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda VKP, \u00c7KP’nin Kar\u015f\u0131 Devrimcileri Bast\u0131rma Kampanyas\u0131na benzer \u015fekilde bask\u0131lar ba\u015flatt\u0131. G\u00fcney Vietnam’da iki milyondan fazla insan \u00fclkeden ka\u00e7mak i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcm riskini g\u00f6ze ald\u0131 ve So\u011fuk Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Asya’da en b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclteci dalgas\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c. K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerler (KhmerRouge)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkeyi birle\u015ftirip Washington ile bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131ktan sonra VKP, Pekin’in etkisinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131 ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ili\u015fkiler kurdu. Bundan memnun olmayan Mao, Hanoi’ye bask\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in \u00c7KP ile anla\u015fan ancak Vietnam’la anla\u015fmazl\u0131k i\u00e7inde olan Kambo\u00e7ya K\u0131z\u0131l Kmer rejimini kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP’nin, Kambo\u00e7 Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’ne (genel olarak K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerler olarak bilinir) deste\u011fi, 1955’te Kmer liderlerinin \u00c7in’de e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmesiyle ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerlerin en \u00f6nemli lideri Pol Pot, 1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mao’nun onay\u0131yla iktidara geldi. Yaln\u0131zca 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7KP, K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerlere otuz bin ki\u015fiyi donatmak i\u00e7in yeterli silah sa\u011flad\u0131. Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan Kambo\u00e7ya, 1975’te K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerlerin eline ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PolPot’un kurallar\u0131 son derece ac\u0131mas\u0131zd\u0131. Para birimini kald\u0131rd\u0131, t\u00fcm \u015fehirde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n k\u0131rsal kesimde zorunlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma birliklerine kat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 emretti ve \u00fclkeyi “Bat\u0131” etkisinden kurtarmak i\u00e7in entelekt\u00fcelleri katletti. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan biraz fazla bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, Kambo\u00e7ya n\u00fcfusunun d\u00f6rtte birinden fazlas\u0131 ya a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc ya da “\u00f6l\u00fcm tarlalar\u0131nda” katledildi. Yaln\u0131zca kendi vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etmekle yetinmeyen K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerler, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ge\u00e7erek g\u00fcney Vietnam’a defalarca asker g\u00f6nderdi ve Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131r k\u00f6ylerinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da katliam ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Sovyetler taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen Vietnam, Aral\u0131k 1978’de Kambo\u00e7ya’y\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca cehennem azab\u0131 \u00e7eken Kambo\u00e7ya halk\u0131, Vietnam ordusunu memnuniyetle kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131. Sava\u015ftan sadece bir ay sonra K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerler ba\u015fkent Phnom Penh’ten s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve gerilla olarak sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in da\u011flara ka\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131. Vietnam’\u0131n K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerlere kar\u015f\u0131 ceza niteli\u011findeki sava\u015f\u0131, d\u00f6nemin \u00c7in lideri Deng Xiaoping’i \u00e7ileden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. 1979’un ba\u015flar\u0131nda Deng, \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusuna (PLA) Vietnam’a “kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131” ba\u015flatmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti ve bu, bir\u00e7ok tarih\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi Vietnam’\u0131n galip geldi\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 haftal\u0131k bir sava\u015fla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. \u00c7KP, 1980’li y\u0131llarda Vietnam’a sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenlemeye devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1997’de Pol Pot’un dengesiz davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerler i\u00e7inde \u015fiddetli tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Pol Pot, Kmer komutan\u0131 Ta Mok taraf\u0131ndan tutukland\u0131 ve kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k bir duru\u015fmada \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu hapis cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 1998’de kalp yetmezli\u011finden \u00f6ld\u00fc. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00c7KP’nin defalarca engelleme giri\u015fimlerine ra\u011fmen, Kambo\u00e7ya Mahkemelerindeki \u00d6zel Daireler, Khieu Samphan ve Nuon Chea ad\u0131nda iki Kmer liderini \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu hapse mahkum etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d. \u00c7KP\u2019ninG\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’ya S\u0131zmas\u0131, Y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7inhindi’nin eski Frans\u0131z kolonilerindeki eylemlerine ek olarak \u00c7KP, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’daki kom\u00fcnist isyanlara yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba sarf etti. Bu kom\u00fcnist hareketler \u00f6zellikle 1950’lerde ve 1960’larda etkindi ve ard\u0131ndan yerel y\u00f6netimler taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 veya etkisiz hale getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP’nin devrimi d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere ihra\u00e7 etmesi, \u00c7in diasporas\u0131 i\u00e7in ac\u0131 verici sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya \u00fclkelerinde ya\u015fayan binlerce \u00c7inli, etnik \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve bir\u00e7ok toplulukta \u00c7inlilerin i\u015f yapma ve e\u011fitim alma haklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tipik bir \u00f6rnek Endonezya’dayd\u0131. 1950’ler ve 1960’larda \u00c7KP, Endonezya Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’ni (Partai Komunis Endonezya veya PKI) desteklemek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli mali ve askeri destek sa\u011flad\u0131. PKI, 1965 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde \u00fc\u00e7 milyon do\u011frudan \u00fcyesiyle o zaman\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi grubuydu. Ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015flar da eklenince, Endonezya h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ve t\u00fcm topluma da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f toplam ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015f ve \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131 22 milyona \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca bir\u00e7ok \u00fcye ilk Endonezya cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Sukarno\u2019ya yak\u0131n ki\u015filer idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mao, o s\u0131ralarda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ni \u201crevizyonizmi\u201d, yani kat\u0131 Marksist doktrinden sapmay\u0131 destekledi\u011fi i\u00e7in ele\u015ftiriyordu ve PKI’yi \u015fiddetli devrime do\u011fru te\u015fvik ediyordu. PKI lideri D.N.Aidit, bir Mao hayran\u0131yd\u0131 ve askeri bir darbe yapmaya haz\u0131rlan\u0131yordu. 30 Eyl\u00fcl 1965’te askeri lider Suharto, bu darbe giri\u015fimini bast\u0131rd\u0131, \u00c7in ile ba\u011flar\u0131 kopard\u0131 ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da PKI \u00fcyesini tasfiye etti. Bu tasfiyenin nedeni, \u00c7HC ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Zhou Enlai’nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla ilgiliydi. Kom\u00fcnist \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki uluslararas\u0131 toplant\u0131lardan birinde Zhou, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne ve di\u011fer kom\u00fcnist \u00fclkelerin temsilcilerine \u015fu s\u00f6z\u00fc vermi\u015fti: \u201cG\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’da ya\u015fayan \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00c7in k\u00f6kenli insan var. \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u00c7inlileri kullanarak kom\u00fcnizmi d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya ihra\u00e7 edebilir ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’n\u0131n bir gecede renk de\u011fi\u015ftirmesini sa\u011flayabilir.” \u00c7KP’nin yerel bir devrimi k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma giri\u015fimlerine tepki olarak, Endonezya’da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00c7inli kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketler ba\u015flad\u0131. [10]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burma’daki (Myanmar olarak da bilinir) \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareket benzer \u015fekildeydi. 1967’de, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi’nin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Burma’daki \u00c7in Konsoloslu\u011fu (ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7KP’nin Xinhua Haber Ajans\u0131’n\u0131n yerel \u015fubesi)yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u00c7inliler aras\u0131nda K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi’ni yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Hatta \u00f6\u011frencileri Mao rozetlerini takmaya, onun K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Kitab\u0131n\u0131 okumaya ve Burma h\u00fck\u00fcmetiyle z\u0131tla\u015fmaya te\u015fvik ediyordu. General U Ne Win y\u00f6netimindeki Burma askeri cuntas\u0131, Mao’nun resmini ta\u015f\u0131yan rozetlerin tak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve Mao’nun yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n okunmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131 ve \u00c7in okullar\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 emrini verdi. Haziran 1967’de ba\u015fkent Yangon’da \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ayaklanmalar meydana geldi, d\u00fczinelerce insan d\u00f6v\u00fclerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve y\u00fczlercesi yaraland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temmuz 1967’de, \u00c7KP’nin resmi s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc “Burma Kom\u00fcnist Partisi liderli\u011findeki Myanmar halk\u0131n\u0131 silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flatmaya ve Ne Win h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir isyan \u00e7\u0131karmaya” davet etti. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra \u00c7KP, Burma h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan ormana itilen Burma Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’ne (BKP) yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in askeri bir dan\u0131\u015fma ekibi g\u00f6nderdi. 1 Ocak 1968’de \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00c7inli K\u0131z\u0131l Muhaf\u0131z ve BKP kuvveti, \u00c7in’in Yunnan eyaletinden Burma’ya sald\u0131rarak Burma h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00fc\u00e7lerini ma\u011flup etti ve Kokang b\u00f6lgesinin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdi. [11]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP’nin K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda devrimi d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya s\u0131zd\u0131rma giri\u015fimleri, \u015fiddetin te\u015fvik edilmesini ve askeri e\u011fitim, silah ve finansman sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. \u00c7KP, devrimi d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya s\u0131zd\u0131rmay\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerdeki kom\u00fcnist partilerin hepsi da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131 ve bir daha toparlanamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961’de Malezya Kom\u00fcnist Partisi (MKP) silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya ve bunun yerine yasal se\u00e7imler yoluyla siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmaya karar verdi. Deng Xiaoping, MKP lideri Chin Peng ve di\u011ferlerini Pekin’e \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 ve \u015fiddetli ayaklanmalar\u0131 devam ettirmelerini istedi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o s\u0131rada \u00c7KP, Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131 odakl\u0131 devrimci bir y\u00fckseli\u015fin yak\u0131nda t\u00fcm G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’y\u0131 kas\u0131p kavuraca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yordu. Bu y\u00fczden MKP, yirmi y\u0131l daha silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadelesine ve devrimi k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma giri\u015fimlerine devam etti. [12] \u00c7KP, MKP’yi finanse ederek Tayland’daki karaborsadan silah temin etmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Ve 1969’da \u00c7KP, Malay, \u00c7in, Tamilce, \u0130ngilizce ve di\u011fer dillerde yay\u0131n yapmak \u00fczere Hunan Eyaleti, Yiyang \u015eehrinde Malezya Devrim Sesi Radyo \u0130stasyonunu kurdu. [13]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da belirtilen \u00fclkelere ek olarak, \u00c7KP ayr\u0131ca Filipinler, Nepal, Hindistan, Sri Lanka, Japonya ve ba\u015fka yerlere devrimi yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Baz\u0131 durumlarda askeri e\u011fitim verdi, baz\u0131 durumlarda ise propaganda yapt\u0131. Bu kom\u00fcnist \u00f6rg\u00fctlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 daha sonra uluslararas\u0131 alanda tan\u0131nan ter\u00f6rist gruplar haline geldi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1971’de kurulan Japon K\u0131z\u0131l Ordusu’nun k\u00f6kleri 1960’lar\u0131n radikal hareketine dayan\u0131yordu, monar\u015fizm kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ve \u015fiddet yanl\u0131s\u0131 devrimci propagandas\u0131yla \u00fcn salm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Grup, \u00e7ok say\u0131da u\u00e7ak ka\u00e7\u0131rma ve Lod Havaalan\u0131 katliam\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere bir dizi ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan sorumluydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970’lerin sonlar\u0131nda, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi’nden sonra \u00c7KP, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya kom\u00fcnist hareketlerine olan deste\u011fini azaltt\u0131. Singapur Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Lee Kuan Yew ve Deng Xiaoping aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir toplant\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Lee, Deng’den MKP ve Endonezya Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 durdurmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. O zamanlar, \u00c7HC d\u00fc\u015fmanlarla \u00e7evriliydi, tecrit edilmi\u015fti ve Deng iktidara yeni gelmi\u015fti ve uluslararas\u0131 deste\u011fe ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyordu, bu y\u00fczden Lee’nin iste\u011fini kabul etti. Deng, MKP lideri Chin Peng ile bir araya geldi ve kom\u00fcnist devrimi k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtan yay\u0131nlar\u0131 durdurmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcre verdi. [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Devrimin Latin Amerika ve Afrika’ya S\u0131zmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hem Sovyetler Birli\u011fi hem de \u00c7HC, Orta Do\u011fu, G\u00fcney Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika’daki kom\u00fcnist hareketleri desteklemek i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 kampanyalar d\u00fczenledi. Ancak, 1960’lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, kendisini ABD’nin ve NATO’nun \u00e7evreleme stratejisinin bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda bulan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, yeni bir ideolojik yumu\u015fama \u00e7izgisi benimsedi. Bu politika, Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkelerle bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde bir arada ya\u015fama \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya devrimci hareketlerine deste\u011fini azaltmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. K\u00fcresel devrimi te\u015fvik eden \u00c7KP, Sovyetleri \u201crevizyonizm\u201d ile su\u00e7lad\u0131. 1960’lar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130rtibat Dairesi Bakan\u0131 ve \u00c7HC’nin eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Wang Jiaxiang benzer bir politika \u00f6nermi\u015fti, ancak Mao taraf\u0131ndan emperyalistlere, revizyonistlere ve gericilere fazla dost\u00e7a davranmakla ve d\u00fcnya devrimci hareketini yeterince desteklememekle ele\u015ftirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7KP s\u0131k s\u0131k \u015fu slogan\u0131 kulland\u0131: “Proletarya ancak t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirerek kendini \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirebilir.” 1965’te, d\u00f6nemin ulusal savunma bakan\u0131 Lin Piao, “Ya\u015fas\u0131n Halk Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Zaferi!” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde d\u00fcnya devriminde bir zirvenin yak\u0131n oldu\u011funu iddia etti. Mao’nun “\u015fehirleri k\u0131rsal alanlardan ku\u015fatma” (\u00c7KP’nin \u00c7in’de iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme) teorisinin ard\u0131ndan Lin, Kuzey Amerika ve Bat\u0131 Avrupa’y\u0131 \u015fehirlere ve Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika’y\u0131 k\u0131rsal alanlara benzetti. Devrimi Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika’ya s\u0131zd\u0131rmak, Bat\u0131’y\u0131 fethetmek i\u00e7in zemin haz\u0131rlayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00c7KP i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir siyasi ve ideolojik g\u00f6rev olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Bu nedenle, Asya’ya devrimi s\u0131zd\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Mao\u2019nun \u00f6nderli\u011findeki \u00c7KP, Afrika ve Latin Amerika\u2019da n\u00fcfuz sahibi olmak i\u00e7in Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile rekabete girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Latin Amerika<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Delaware Eyalet \u00dcniversitesi’nden Profes\u00f6r Yinghong Cheng, “Devrimi D\u00fcnyaya S\u0131zd\u0131rmak: Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika’daki K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devriminin Etkisinin Ke\u015fifsel Bir Analizi” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde \u015funlar\u0131 yazd\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Latin Amerika’da, 1960’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Maoist kom\u00fcnistler Brezilya, Peru, Bolivya, Kolombiya, \u015eili, Venezuela ve Ekvador’da \u00f6rg\u00fctler kurdular. Ana \u00fcyeleri gen\u00e7ler ve \u00f6\u011frencilerdi. \u00c7in’in deste\u011fiyle, 1967’de Latin Amerika’daki Maoistler iki gerilla grubu kurdular. Biri, Kolombiya Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu idi, bu ayn\u0131 zamanda K\u0131z\u0131l Kad\u0131n K\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131 taklit eden ve ad\u0131 Mar\u00eda Cano Birimi olan bir kad\u0131n birimi i\u00e7eriyordu; di\u011feri ise Bolivya’n\u0131n \u00d1ancahuaz\u00fa Gerillas\u0131 veya Bolivya Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu idi. Venezuela’da baz\u0131 kom\u00fcnistler de ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde silahl\u0131 \u015fiddet eylemleri ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca, Peru Kom\u00fcnist Partisi lideri Abimael Guzm\u00e1n 1960’lar\u0131n sonunda Pekin’de e\u011fitim g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Patlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve ate\u015fli silahlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, daha da \u00f6nemlisi, Mao Zedong D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini kavrad\u0131, yani \u00f6zellikle “ruhun maddeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi” fikirleri ve do\u011fru yol ile, bir ki\u015fi “personel olmadan personele sahip olmas\u0131; silahlar olmadan silahlara sahip olmas\u0131” gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri kavrad\u0131. [15]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abimael Guzm\u00e1n, ABD, Japonya, Kanada, Avrupa Birli\u011fi ve Peru h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri taraf\u0131ndan ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlanan Peru Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin (Parlayan Yol olarak da bilinen partinin) lideriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcba, Latin Amerika’da \u00c7KP ile diplomatik ba\u011flar kuran ilk \u00fclkeydi. K\u00fcba’y\u0131 kazanmak ve ayn\u0131 zamanda uluslararas\u0131 kom\u00fcnist hareketin liderli\u011fi i\u00e7in Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile rekabet etmek i\u00e7in \u00c7KP, Kas\u0131m 1960’ta \u00c7in’i ziyaret eden Che Guevara’ya 60 milyon dolar kredi sa\u011flad\u0131. Tam bu s\u0131rada, \u00c7inliler, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130leri At\u0131l\u0131m kampanyas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6l\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Zhou Enlai ayr\u0131ca Guevara’ya, kredi geri \u00f6demesinin m\u00fczakereler yoluyla \u00f6tenebilece\u011fi s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc verdi. Daha sonra, Fidel Castro, \u00c7in-Sovyet ili\u015fkilerinin bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne yaslanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, \u00c7KP, Castro rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 bir darbeyi k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmak amac\u0131yla Havana’daki b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla K\u00fcbal\u0131 yetkililere ve sivillere \u00e7ok say\u0131da propaganda bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00f6nderdi. [16]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1972’de Meksika ve \u00c7KP diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kurdu\u011funda, \u00c7in’in ilk Meksika b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi bir \u00c7KP istihbarat ajan\u0131 olan Xiong Xianghui idi. Xiong’a istihbarat toplama (ABD de dahil) ve Meksika h\u00fck\u00fcmetine m\u00fcdahale etme g\u00f6revleri verildi. Xiong gelmeden hemen \u00f6nce Meksika, \u00c7in’de e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f bir grup gerillan\u0131n tutukland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu. \u00c7in ile diplomatik bir ili\u015fki kuruldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Meksika Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Luis Echeverr\u00ed, Meksika’n\u0131n i\u00e7inden ve ABD’den gelen \u015fiddetli muhalefete dayanmak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle \u00f6fkelenmi\u015fti. Xiong, Zhou Enlai’ye, Echeverr\u00eda’y\u0131 \u00c7in’e davet etmesini ve b\u00f6ylece aray\u0131 d\u00fczeltmesini \u00f6nerdi. Echeverr\u00eda daveti kabul etti ve ayr\u0131ca \u00c7KP’nin Meksika’ya ticarette ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muamelede bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etti. \u00c7KP bu iste\u011fi kabul etti. [17]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Afrika<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cheng ayr\u0131ca \u00c7KP’nin Afrika \u00fclkelerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan sonra izledikleri yolu nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini de anlatt\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan haberlere g\u00f6re, 1960’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce Cezayir, Angola, Mozambik, Gine, Kamerun ve Kongo’dan baz\u0131 Afrikal\u0131 devrimci gen\u00e7ler Harbin, Nanjing ve di\u011fer \u00c7in \u015fehirlerinde e\u011fitim ald\u0131. Zimbabwe Afrika Ulusal Birli\u011fi’nin (ZANU) bir \u00fcyesi, \u015eangay’daki bir y\u0131ll\u0131k e\u011fitimini anlatt\u0131. Askeri e\u011fitime ek olarak, k\u0131rsal kesimdeki insanlar\u0131n nas\u0131l harekete ge\u00e7irilece\u011fi ve halk sava\u015f\u0131 amac\u0131yla gerilla m\u00fccadelesinin nas\u0131l ba\u015flat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin siyasi e\u011fitim a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131yd\u0131. [18]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960’larda \u00c7KP’nin k\u0131tadaki d\u0131\u015f devrim projelerinden en \u00e7ok yard\u0131m\u0131 alan \u00fclkeler Tanzanya ve Zambiya idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin \u00c7KP, Tanzanya’da bir tekstil fabrikas\u0131 in\u015fa etmesi i\u00e7in, \u015eangay Tekstil End\u00fcstrisi B\u00fcrosundan bir grup uzman g\u00f6nderdi. Grubun lideri, yard\u0131m projesine g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ideolojik ton katt\u0131. \u0130n\u015faat alan\u0131na vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00c7HC’nin be\u015f y\u0131ld\u0131zl\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ast\u0131, Mao ve Mao’nun s\u00f6zlerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir heykelini dikti, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi d\u00f6nemi m\u00fcziklerini \u00e7ald\u0131 ve Mao’dan al\u0131nt\u0131lar okudu. \u015eantiye, deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi’nin bir modeli haline geldi. Ayr\u0131ca Mao Zedong D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini desteklemek ve yerel i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda asi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri aktif olarak yaymak i\u00e7in bir propaganda ekibi kurdu. Tanzanya yetkilileri, \u00c7KP’nin \u00fclkede bir devrimi te\u015fvik etme giri\u015fimlerine \u00f6fkeyle tepki verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonra Mao, Do\u011fu Afrika’y\u0131 Orta ve G\u00fcney Afrika’ya ba\u011flayacak bir Tanzanya-Zambiya demiryolu in\u015fa etmeye karar verdi. 1970’den 1976’ya kadar \u00c7in, elli bin i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6nderdi ve demiryolunun 320 k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ve 22 t\u00fcnelini in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k on milyar yuan harcad\u0131. Demiryolunun bug\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u015fde\u011fer maliyeti y\u00fcz milyarlarca yuan veya on milyarlarca ABD dolar\u0131yd\u0131. Bununla birlikte, hem Tanzanya hem de Zambiya’daki k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netim ve yolsuzluk nedeniyle, demiryolu hi\u00e7bir zaman kara ge\u00e7ememi\u015ftir ve faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in hala \u00c7in’in yard\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Do\u011fu Avrupa’da Sosyalizm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nazilerin II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda yenilmesinin ard\u0131ndan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Yalta Konferans\u0131’nda ortaya konan g\u00fc\u00e7 payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, do\u011fu Almanya’y\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. Moskova, kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde kom\u00fcnist rejimler kurarak Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131 askeri ittifak\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So\u011fuk Sava\u015f ilerledik\u00e7e Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, uydu devletler \u00fczerindeki hakimiyetini korumakta zorland\u0131. \u00c7in-Sovyet b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin ard\u0131ndan, \u00c7HC Do\u011fu Avrupa rejimlerine, \u00f6zellikle Balkan \u00fclkesi Arnavutluk’a s\u0131zmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Do\u011fu Avrupa’daki Halk Hareketlerine Sovyet Bask\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eubat 1956’da Sovyet lideri Nikita Kru\u015f\u00e7ev, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin (SBKP) Yirminci Kongresi’nde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gizli bir konu\u015fmada Stalin’i k\u0131nayarak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir siyasi liberalle\u015fme d\u00f6nemini ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu gev\u015feme hareketi, Do\u011fu Avrupa’da \u00f6nce Polonya ve ard\u0131ndan Macaristan’da ayaklanmalara yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polonya’da, fiili diktat\u00f6r Boles\u0142aw Bierut’un Mart 1956’da \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, iktidara gelenler reform i\u00e7in bask\u0131 uygulamaya ve Stalinist ge\u00e7mi\u015ften kopmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Haziran ay\u0131nda, Pozna\u0144’da on binlerce fabrika i\u015f\u00e7isi greve gitti. Protestocular ac\u0131mas\u0131zca bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, milliyet\u00e7i duygular\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fini g\u00f6ren Parti liderleri, halk\u0131 yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ad\u0131mlar att\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ni ele\u015ftiren ve Kru\u015f\u00e7ev’e kar\u015f\u0131 koymaya istekli olan W\u0142adys\u0142aw Gomu\u0142ka’y\u0131 lider olarak se\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ard\u0131ndan, Ekim 1956’da Macaristan’da, bir grup \u00f6\u011frenciyle ba\u015flayan bir devrim giri\u015fimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Sovyet birliklerinin geri \u00e7ekilmesi de dahil olmak \u00fczere on alt\u0131 talepten olu\u015fan bir liste haz\u0131rlad\u0131lar. 23 Ekim’de protestocular, Stalin’in bronz heykelini devirdiler ve halk geride kalan Stalin’in \u00e7izmesinin i\u00e7ine Macar bayraklar\u0131n\u0131 yerle\u015ftirdi. Yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u00fcz bin protestocu sokaklar\u0131 doldurdu. Sovyet tanklar\u0131 ve birlikleri kalabal\u0131\u011fa ate\u015f a\u00e7arak \u00e7ok say\u0131da silahs\u0131z g\u00f6stericiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yeni kurulan muhalefet partisi ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmak istedi ve Imre Nagy’yi ba\u015fbakan ve Bakanlar Kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ti. Ancak Nagy iktidara geldikten sonra, Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131’ndan \u00e7ekildi ve daha fazla liberalle\u015fme talebinde bulundu. Yan\u0131t olarak, 4 Kas\u0131m’da Sovyetler, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketini ezmek i\u00e7in altm\u0131\u015f bin asker ve tank g\u00f6ndererek birka\u00e7 bin ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Nagy yakaland\u0131 ve sonunda y\u00fczlerce destek\u00e7isiyle birlikte idam edildi. Y\u00fczbinlerce Macar Bat\u0131’ya ka\u00e7t\u0131. [19]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macaristan’\u0131n Sovyet i\u015fgalini, on y\u0131l sonra1968’de \u00c7ekoslovakya’da Prag Bahar\u0131 izledi. \u00c7ekoslovak Kom\u00fcnist Partisi (KS\u010c), Kru\u015f\u00e7ev’in 1956’daki konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan kanunlar\u0131 gev\u015feterek nispeten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir sivil toplumun b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine izin verdi. O d\u00f6neme damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuranisim, daha sonra bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olan V\u00e1clav Havel idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ocak 1968’de reformist politikac\u0131 Alexander Dub\u010dek, KSC’nin ilk sekreteri olarak g\u00f6revi devrald\u0131. Reformlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi ve “insan y\u00fczl\u00fc sosyalizm” slogan\u0131n\u0131 yayd\u0131. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Dub\u010dek, Stalin d\u00f6neminde haks\u0131z yere zul\u00fcm g\u00f6ren bireylerin geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 rehabilitasyonuna ba\u015flad\u0131. Muhalifler serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131, medya \u00fczerindeki kontrol gev\u015fetildi, akademik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck te\u015fvik edildi, yurtta\u015flar\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na seyahat etmelerine izin verildi ve kilise \u00fczerindeki g\u00f6zetim azalt\u0131ld\u0131. En \u00f6nemlisi, KS\u010c s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 parti i\u00e7i demokrasiye izin verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, 1956 Macar ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlayarak, bu t\u00fcr reformlar\u0131 sosyalist ilkelere ihanet olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin de ayn\u0131 \u015feyi yapmas\u0131ndan korktu. Mart-A\u011fustos 1968 aras\u0131nda, aralar\u0131nda SBKP Genel Sekreteri Leonid Brejnev’in de bulundu\u011fu Sovyet yetkilileri, Dub\u010dek’e demokratik reformlar\u0131 b\u0131rakmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bask\u0131 yapmak amac\u0131yla be\u015f konferans d\u00fczenledi. Dub\u010dek, Brezhnev’in taleplerini g\u00f6rmezden geldi. O y\u0131l\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve di\u011fer Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131 \u00fclkeleri y\u00fcz binlerce askerle \u00c7ekoslovakya’y\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek \u00fclkeyi \u015foke etti. Prag Bahar\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u201cinsan y\u00fczl\u00fc sosyalizm\u201d sona erdirildi. [20]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Do\u011fu Avrupa’ya kom\u00fcnist y\u00f6netimi dayatmak ve b\u00f6lge \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131yordu. Liberalle\u015fmeye y\u00f6nelik en ufak hamleler bile sosyalist sisteme kar\u015f\u0131 isyanlara yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1980’lerin sonlar\u0131nda, Sovyet liderleri, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’\u0131n sona ermesine, Berlin Duvar\u0131’n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na ve Do\u011fu Avrupa’daki t\u00fcm kom\u00fcnist rejimlerin \u00e7\u00f6kmesine yol a\u00e7an siyasi ve ekonomik reformlara giri\u015fti. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi hakimiyetini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in gerekli olan maliyetli politikalar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek istemezken, Polonya, Romanya, Bulgaristan, \u00c7ekoslovakya ve Do\u011fu Almanya halk\u0131 yerel rejimlere kar\u015f\u0131 genel olarak bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l protestolar ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4 Haziran 1989’da, \u00c7in’deki Tiananmen Meydan\u0131 katliam\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc, Polonya ilk tur \u00f6zg\u00fcr demokratik se\u00e7imlerini d\u00fczenledi. 18 Haziran’da yap\u0131lan ikinci tur, kom\u00fcnistleri ve koalisyon ortaklar\u0131n\u0131 parlamentodan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekim 1989’a gelindi\u011finde, Do\u011fu Almanya’daki bir\u00e7ok \u015fehirde iktidardaki Sosyalist Birlik Partisi’ne (SED) kar\u015f\u0131 kitlesel g\u00f6steriler d\u00fczenlendi. Sovyet lideri Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov, o ay Berlin’e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyarette SED Genel Sekreteri Erich Honecker’e reformun ileriye d\u00f6n\u00fck tek yol oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hemen ard\u0131ndan Do\u011fu Almanya, Sovyet \u00f6rne\u011fini takiben siyasi serbestle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7en Macaristan ve \u00c7ekoslovakya’ya olan seyahat yasaklar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131. Bu, \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan\u0131n \u00c7ekoslovakya \u00fczerinden Bat\u0131 Almanya’ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131na izin verdi ve Berlin Duvar\u0131, art\u0131k ka\u00e7an vatanda\u015flar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayanamad\u0131. 9 Kas\u0131m’da SED, Almanya aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 kontrol etmekten vazge\u00e7ti. On binlerce Do\u011fu Alman Bat\u0131 Berlin’e ak\u0131n etti ve duvar y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Bu sayede, onlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r ayakta duran kom\u00fcnist Demir Perde’nin simgesi tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131. [21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Arnavutluk ve \u00c7in<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, erken d\u00f6nemlerde Moskova’y\u0131 ele\u015ftiren ve Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131’ndan ayr\u0131lan Arnavutluk \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfuz kazanmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba sarf etti. Mao, Arnavutluk’un Sovyetlerden kopu\u015fundan memnun kald\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece maliyeti ne olursa olsun Arnavutluk’a \u201cyard\u0131m\u201d program\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xinhua raporuna g\u00f6re, \u201c1954’ten 1978’e kadar \u00c7in, Arnavutluk \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi’ne yetmi\u015f be\u015f kez mali yard\u0131mda bulundu; anla\u015fmadaki mebla\u011f on milyardan fazla \u00c7in yuan\u0131yd\u0131. ” O zamanlar Arnavutluk’un n\u00fcfusu sadece iki milyon civar\u0131ndayd\u0131, bu da her bir ki\u015finin be\u015f bin yuan’a e\u015fde\u011fer para ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Bu arada, \u00c7in’de ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k gelir sadece iki y\u00fcz yuan idi. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in, Mao’nun K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi’nin neden oldu\u011fu ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130leri At\u0131l\u0131m k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da sanc\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7indeydi. K\u0131tl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7HC, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6viz rezervlerini g\u0131da ithal etmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131. 1962’de \u00c7in’deki Arnavutluk b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Reis Malile, tar\u0131msal yard\u0131m talep etmek i\u00e7in \u00c7in’e gitti. Parti Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Liu Shaoqi’nin emriyle, Kanada’dan sat\u0131n al\u0131nan ve \u00c7in’e do\u011fru giden bu\u011fday dolu bir \u00c7in gemisi rota de\u011fi\u015ftirerek bu\u011fday\u0131 Arnavut liman\u0131na bo\u015faltt\u0131. [22]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ek olarak, \u00c7in, Arnavutluk’a bir tekstil fabrikas\u0131 in\u015fa etmesi i\u00e7in yard\u0131mda bulundu. Ancak Arnavutluk’ta pamuk yoktu, bu nedenle Pekin, pamuk sat\u0131n almak i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131 rezervlerini kullanmak zorunda kald\u0131. Bir keresinde Arnavut yetkililer, o zamanki \u00c7HC’nin Arnavutluk b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Geng Biao’dan bir g\u00fcbre fabrikas\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck ekipman\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmesini ve ekipman\u0131n \u0130talya’dan gelmesini talep ettiler. \u00c7in daha sonra \u0130talya’dan makineler sat\u0131n ald\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131 Arnavutluk i\u00e7in kurdu. Bu arada Arnavutluk, \u00c7in yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 hafife ald\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bo\u015fa harcad\u0131. \u00c7in’den g\u00f6nderilen muazzam miktarlarda \u00e7elik, makine te\u00e7hizat\u0131 ve hassas aletler do\u011fa olaylar\u0131na maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Arnavut yetkililer ilgisiz ve rahatt\u0131; malzeme veya ekipman bozulursa veya kaybolursa \u00c7in’in onlara daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6nderece\u011fini biliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1974’te Arnavutluk, \u00c7in’den be\u015f milyar yuan kredi istedi. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi nedeniyle neredeyse tamamen ekonomik bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00c7HC Arnavutluk’a bir milyar yuan krediyi onaylad\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen, Arnavut liderler \u00e7ok memnun de\u011fildi ve “Yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkenin ekonomik bask\u0131s\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda asla ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 e\u011fmeyece\u011fiz” gibi sloganlarla \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir hareket ba\u015flatt\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00c7HC’nin petrol ve asfalt taleplerini de kar\u015f\u0131lamay\u0131 reddetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131 Kom\u00fcnizm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1989 devrimlerinden sonra, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin kendisi ciddi siyasi de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frad\u0131. A\u011fustos 1991’de, Gorba\u00e7ov’un reformlar\u0131n\u0131 kom\u00fcnizme ihanet olarak g\u00f6ren SBKP, KGB ve ordudaki radikaller bir darbe d\u00fczenleyerek Sovyet liderini ev hapsine ald\u0131 ve Moskova’y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmek i\u00e7in tanklar g\u00f6nderdi. Ancak komplo, alt tabaka Parti \u00fcyelerinden veya genel halktan destek g\u00f6rmedi, komplocular tutukland\u0131 veya intihar etti. 25 Aral\u0131k 1991’de \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketleriyle Gorba\u00e7ov, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin da\u011f\u0131larak on be\u015f ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z cumhuriyete ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’\u0131n sona ermesi, Sovyet blo\u011funun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve \u00c7in’de ekonomik reformlar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131, kom\u00fcnizmin \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fcnya ve insanl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik tehdidinin sona erdi\u011fi izlemini veriyordu. Ger\u00e7ekte, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ile Sovyetler Birli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki so\u011fukluk, insanlar\u0131n dikkatini \u00c7KP’nin entrikalar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve onlarca y\u0131l onun totaliter sistemini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesine ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fcnyay\u0131 baltalamas\u0131na izin verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nazi sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve fa\u015fist ideolojinin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerine kar\u015f\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 e\u011fitim de dahil olmak \u00fczere II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ba\u015flayan Nazilerden ar\u0131nd\u0131rma hareketinin aksine, kom\u00fcnist su\u00e7lar\u0131n tam bir hesab\u0131 hen\u00fcz sorulmad\u0131. Rusya ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok eski Sovyet cumhuriyeti, Sovyet ge\u00e7mi\u015flerinden hi\u00e7bir zaman net bir \u015fekilde kopmad\u0131 veya gizli polis servisini ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131. \u015eu an \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten ki\u015fi, Rusya’n\u0131n gizli polis \u015fefi olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f eski bir KGB ajan\u0131d\u0131r. Kom\u00fcnist ideolojiler ve onlar\u0131n takip\u00e7ileri hala aktif bir \u015fekilde devam ederken, ayn\u0131 zamanda etkilerini Bat\u0131’ya ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131’daki anti-kom\u00fcnist eylemciler\u2014yani daha derin bir kom\u00fcnizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip olan eski nesiller\u2014yava\u015f yava\u015f yok oluyorlar ve yeni nesillerin \u00fcyeleri bu konuda yeterince e\u011fitilmiyor. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki kom\u00fcnist ve sol \u00f6rg\u00fctler, geleneksel de\u011ferleri ve sosyal yap\u0131lar\u0131 devirmek ve yok etmek i\u00e7in radikal veya ilerici hareketlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebiliyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya Federasyonu’nun ilk ba\u015fkan\u0131 Boris Yeltsin, Sovyet ideolojisini yok etmek i\u00e7in bir tak\u0131m \u00f6nlemler ald\u0131. Al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemler aras\u0131nda eski Sovyet memurlar\u0131n\u0131 kovmak, Lenin’in ve di\u011fer kom\u00fcnist liderlerin heykellerini y\u0131kmak ve SBKP taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lan Ortodoks H\u0131ristiyan kiliselerini yeniden in\u015fa etmek yer al\u0131yordu. Ancak bu \u00f6nlemler, yakla\u015f\u0131k yetmi\u015f y\u0131ld\u0131r insanlara ve kurumlara a\u015f\u0131lanan k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir Parti k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden \u00fclkeyi temizlemede yetersiz kald\u0131. Dahas\u0131, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ba\u015flayan siyasi karga\u015fa ve ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f, ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6neme y\u00f6nelik nostaljiyi k\u00f6r\u00fckledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya’da kom\u00fcnizme y\u00f6nelik halk deste\u011finin yeniden canlanmas\u0131, Rusya Federasyonu Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin (RFKP) kurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Vladimir Putin’in Birle\u015fik Rusya partisinin y\u00fckseli\u015fine kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir siyasi parti olarak kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekim 1993’te yani Moskova halk\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve demokrasi talebi i\u00e7in sokaklara d\u00f6k\u00fclmesinden sadece iki y\u0131l sonra, on binlerce Moskoval\u0131 Lenin ve Stalin’in isimlerini hayk\u0131rarak ve eski Sovyet bayraklar\u0131n\u0131 sallayarak K\u0131z\u0131l Meydan’a y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Moskova’n\u0131n RBK TV’sinin 2015’te yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi son anketlerde, yan\u0131t verenlerin \u00e7o\u011fu (RBK anketine g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 60) Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. May\u0131s 2017’de, SBKP’ye ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fct olarak kurulan Kom\u00fcnist Gen\u00e7lik Birli\u011fi, Moskova’daki K\u0131z\u0131l Meydan’da Lenin’in mezar\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde gen\u00e7ler i\u00e7in yemin t\u00f6reni d\u00fczenledi. Mitingde, RFKP Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Gennady Zyuganov, son zamanlarda altm\u0131\u015f bin yeni \u00fcyenin Partiye kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Kom\u00fcnist Parti’nin hayatta kalmaya ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam etti\u011fini iddia etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizmin hayaleti, D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fclkesine musallat olmaya devam ediyor. Yaln\u0131zca Moskova’da Lenin’e ait seksenden fazla an\u0131t bulunuyor ve K\u0131z\u0131l Meydan’daki mezar\u0131 turist ve takip\u00e7ileri \u00e7ekmeye devam ediyor. KGB’nin su\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u00fcnya taraf\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir zaman tam olarak if\u015fa edilmedi ve k\u0131nanmad\u0131. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u00fczy\u0131lda, h\u00fck\u00fcmetteki a\u00e7\u0131k kom\u00fcnist etki \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fclkede ortadan kalkt\u0131. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’ta kom\u00fcnist hareketin zirve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kom\u00fcnist rejimler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen yirmiden fazla \u00fclke vard\u0131. Bug\u00fcn sadece d\u00f6rt tanesi kald\u0131: \u00c7in, Vietnam, K\u00fcba ve Laos. Kuzey Kore’nin iktidar partisi Marksizm-Leninizm’e at\u0131fta bulunmaktan vazge\u00e7mi\u015f olsa da, hala totaliter bir kom\u00fcnist rejimdir. D\u00fcnyada y\u00fczden fazla \u00fclke, tescilli kom\u00fcnist partiye sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980’lere gelindi\u011finde, Latin Amerika’da kom\u00fcnist parti say\u0131s\u0131 elliden fazla idi ve bu partilerin toplam \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131 bir milyon idi (bunlar\u0131n kabaca yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 K\u00fcba Kom\u00fcnist Partisi olu\u015fturuyordu). 1980’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, ABD ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Latin Amerika ve Asya’n\u0131n \u00f6nemli noktalar\u0131nda k\u0131yas\u0131ya bir rekabet i\u00e7indeydi. Do\u011fu Avrupa ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle \u200b\u200bbirlikte, Peru Kom\u00fcnist Partisi gibi iktidar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in \u015fiddete ba\u015fvuran kom\u00fcnist partilerin say\u0131s\u0131 gittik\u00e7e azald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine de, Latin Amerika \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu hala sosyalizmin de\u011fi\u015fik versiyonlar\u0131na maruz kald\u0131. Solcu siyasi partiler, Demokratik Sosyalist Parti ve Halk\u0131n Sosyalist Partisi gibi isimler ald\u0131. Orta Amerika’daki bir dizi kom\u00fcnist parti, isimlerinden “kom\u00fcnist parti” kelimesini \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131, ancak kom\u00fcnist ve sosyalist ideolojileri desteklemeye devam ederek operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 daha da aldat\u0131c\u0131 hale getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Latin Amerika ve Karayipler’de otuz \u00fc\u00e7 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00fclkenin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda me\u015fru siyasi parti olarak kabul edilen kom\u00fcnist partiler bulunmakta. Venezuela, \u015eili, Uruguay ve ba\u015fka yerlerde, kom\u00fcnist parti ve iktidar partisi genellikle koalisyon h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri kurarken, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki kom\u00fcnist partiler muhalefet rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstleniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131’da ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde kom\u00fcnizm, Do\u011fu’da oldu\u011fu gibi \u015fiddetli devrime ba\u015fvurmad\u0131. Bunun yerine, toplumun neredeyse her y\u00f6n\u00fcne s\u0131zan sol ideoloji savunucular\u0131yla gizli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsedi. On y\u0131llar sonra, Bat\u0131l\u0131 kom\u00fcnizm bi\u00e7imleri, geleneksel toplumu ve ahlak\u0131 y\u0131kmada b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu, ilahi olan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc par\u00e7alad\u0131. Bu anlamda, kom\u00fcnizmin hayaleti t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc devam ettirmekte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Chongyi Feng, “\u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Avustralya’daki Etkisini Nas\u0131l G\u00f6steriyor”, ABC News (Avustralya), 5 Haziran 2017, https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2017-06-06\/how-china-uses-its-soft-power-strategy-in-australia\/8590610<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Jung Chang ve Jon Halliday, \u201cLukewarm Believer (1920\u201325; 26\u201331 ya\u015f),\u201d Mao: The UnknownStory (New York: Anchor Books, 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Harry Truman, “Statement on Formosa” (konu\u015fma, White House, 5 Ocak 1950), USC US \u2013 China Institute, eri\u015fim tarihi 19 Nisan 2020, https:\/\/china.usc.edu\/harry-s-truman- % E2% 80% 9Cstatement-formosa% E2% 80% 9D-ocak-5-1950<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u201cABD Kore \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na Giriyor,\u201d Ulusal Ar\u015fivler, son g\u00fcncelleme tarihi 7 Eyl\u00fcl 2016, https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/education\/lessons\/korean-conflict<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. QianYaping\u9322\u4e9e\u5e73, “60 nianlai Zhongguo de duiwai yuanzhu: zuiduo shizhan guojiacai zhengzhi chu 7%” 60 \u5e74\u4f86\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u5c0d\u5916\u63f4\u52a9\uff1a\u6700\u591a\u6642\u4f54\u570b\u5bb6\u8ca1\u653f\u652f\u51fa% 7 [“\u00c7in’in Yabanc\u0131’n\u0131n Altm\u0131\u015f Y\u0131l\u0131 Yard\u0131m: Ulusal Mali Harcamalar\u0131n Y\u00fczde 7’sine Kadar \u201d], People’s Daily, 27 May\u0131s 2011, http:\/\/history.people.com.cn\/BIG5\/205396\/14757192.html<\/a> . [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. ChenXianhui\u9648\u5baa\u8f89, “Di 38 zhang kang Meiyuan Chao” \u7b2c 38 \u7ae0\u6297\u7f8e\u63f4\u671d [“B\u00f6l\u00fcm 38: Diren ABD, Kore’ye Yard\u0131m Et”], Geming de zhen xiang. ErshishijiZhongguojishi\u9769\u547d\u7684\u771f\u76f8. \u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u7eaa\u4e8b[The Truth of the Revolution: 20th Century Chronology of China] (Aral\u0131k 2014), https:\/\/www.bannedbook.net\/forum2\/topic6605.html<\/a> . [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. ZhongShanluo\u9418\u5c71\u6d1b, Dangshi mimi \u9ee8\u53f2\u79d8\u5bc6[Parti Tarihinin S\u0131rlar\u0131] (Tayvan: Ha Ye chubanshe, 2016). [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. ChenXianhui\u9648\u5baa\u8f89, “Di 52 zhang Wen Ge waijiao: duiwai shuchugeming” \u7b2c 52 \u7ae0\u6587\u9769\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0e\u8f93\u51fa\u9769\u547d [“B\u00f6l\u00fcm 52: K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi Diplomasisi ve \u0130hracat Devrimi”], Geming de zhenxiang. ErshishijiZhongguojishi\u9769\u547d\u7684\u771f\u76f8.\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u7eaa\u4e8b[The Truth of the Revolution: 20th Century Chronology of China] (Aral\u0131k 2014), https:\/\/www.bannedbook.net\/forum2\/topic6605.html<\/a> . [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. Li Su \u674e\u8083, “Jie mi shi ke: taoli Chaoxian wangming Zhongguo (wanzhengban)” \u89e3\u5bc6\u65f6\u523b\uff1a\u9003\u79bb\u671d\u9c9c\u4ea1\u547d\u4e2d\u56fd (\u5b8c\u6574\u7248) [“S\u0131zan An: Kuzey Kore’den Ka\u00e7mak, \u00c7in’de \u00d6lmek” (tam s\u00fcr\u00fcm)] , Amerika’n\u0131n Sesi, 8 Ekim 2012, https:\/\/www.voachinese.com\/a\/hm-escaping-north-korea-20121007\/1522169.html<\/a> . [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. SongZheng\u5b8b\u5f81, \u201c1965 Yinni ‘9.30’ zheng bianshimo\u201d 1965 \u5370\u5c3c\u300e9.30\u300f\u653f\u653f\u53d8\u59cb\u672b [\u201c1965’te Endonezya’da 9.30 Darbe\u201d], Perspective’te \u00c7in, 20 Eyl\u00fcl 2017’de de\u011fi\u015ftirildi, http: \/\/ www.chinainperspective.com\/ArtShow.aspx?AID=183410<\/a> . [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. WangNan\u738b\u5357, “Shuogulunjin: Miandian de Zhongguo chongjiduibo”, \u8bf4\u53e4\u8bba\u4eca\uff1a\u7f05\u7538\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u51b2\u51fb\u6ce2 [“Talking About History: China’s Shock Wave in Myanmar”], Voice of America, 24 \u015eubat, 2012, https:\/\/www.voachinese.com\/a\/article-2012024-burma-china-factors-iv-140343173\/812128.html<\/a> . [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. ChengYinghong\u7a0b\u6620\u8679, “Xiang shijie shuchugeming\u2014” Wen Ge “zai Ya Fei La de yingxiang chutan” \u5411\u4e16\u754c\u8f93\u51fa\u9769\u547d \u2500\u2500 “\u6587\u9769” \u5728\u4e9a\u975e\u62c9\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u521d\u63a2 [“Devrimi D\u00fcnyaya \u0130hra\u00e7 Etmek: Erken Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika’da K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devriminin Etkisinin Ke\u015ffi \u201d], Modern China Studies, cilt. 3 (2006). [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. ChenYinan\u9673\u76ca\u5357, “Shezai Zhongguo de Ma Gongdiantai”, \u8a2d\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u99ac\u5171\u96fb\u53f0 [“\u00c7in’de MCP Radyo \u0130stasyonu”], Yanhuang Chunqiu, cilt. 8, 2015. [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Cheng, “Xiang shijie shuchu geming.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. Ayn\u0131 kaynak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. Chen, “Di 52 zhang Wen Ge waijiao.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. Hanshan\u5bd2\u5c71, “Jinshizuofei: Xiong Xiangshi he Zhong gongzai La Meishuchugeing de lishi” \u4eca\u662f\u6628\u975e\ufe55\u718a\u5411\u6689\u548c\u4e2d\u5171\u5728\u62c9\u7f8e\u8f38\u51fa\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6b77\u53f2 [“Xiong Xianghui ve \u00c7KP’nin devrimi Latince’ye ihra\u00e7 etme tarihi America \u201d], Radio Free Asia, 17 Kas\u0131m 2005, https:\/\/www.rfa.org\/cantonese\/features\/history\/china_cccp-20051117.html<\/a> . [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. Cheng, “Xiang shijie shuchugeming.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. ChenKuide\u9648\u594e\u5fb7, Jindai xianfa de yanhua\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u6f14\u5316[\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Anayasac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Evrimi] , The Observer (2007), b\u00f6l. 60. [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. Ayn\u0131 kaynakta, B\u00f6l. 67.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. Ayn\u0131 kaynakta, B\u00f6l. 77.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. WangHongqi, “Zhong guodui Aerbaniya de yuanzhu” \u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u963f\u5c14\u5df4\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u63f4\u52a9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 [“China’s Aidto Albania”], Yanhuang Chunqiu , 16 Nisan 2020’de eri\u015fildi, http:\/\/www.yhcqw.com\/36\/3172.html #. [\u00c7ince]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devam\u0131 gelecek\u2026 Be\u015finci B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00fcmler: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ns\u00f6z: Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f: Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Hayaletin \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yok Etme Stratejileri<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Kom\u00fcnizmin Avrupa\u2019daki Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Do\u011fu\u2019daki Zul\u00fcm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Devrimin D\u0131\u015f \u00dclkelere S\u0131zmas\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizcesi i\u00e7in: How the Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lan kom\u00fcnist k\u00fclt, \u015fiddet ve aldatmaca ile besleniyor. 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