{"id":135474,"date":"2021-06-15T16:12:29","date_gmt":"2021-06-15T13:12:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/?p=135474"},"modified":"2021-06-17T02:34:54","modified_gmt":"2021-06-16T23:34:54","slug":"besinci-bolum-1-kisim-batiya-sizmak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/index.php\/besinci-bolum-1-kisim-batiya-sizmak","title":{"rendered":"Be\u015finci B\u00f6l\u00fcm, 1. K\u0131s\u0131m: Bat\u0131ya S\u0131zmak"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor” kitab\u0131n\u0131n serile\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7evirisi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Epoch Times, \u201cKom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum\u201d<\/a>un yazarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u201cKom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?\u201d<\/a> adl\u0131 \u00c7ince kitab\u0131n \u00e7eviri serisini okurlar\u0131na sunuyor.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u015eiddet Uygulayan ve Uygulamayan Kom\u00fcnizm Tipleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Casusluk ve Dezenformasyon Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Yeni D\u00fczenlemeden \u0130lericili\u011fe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Bat\u0131’n\u0131n K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Sava\u015f Kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ve Sivil Haklar Hareketleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2016 ABD ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imleri son y\u0131llar\u0131n en olayl\u0131 se\u00e7imlerinden biriydi. Kampanyan\u0131n etkileri, se\u00e7imlerden sonra da uzun s\u00fcre devam eden olaylarla doluydu. Kazanan, Cumhuriyet\u00e7i aday Donald Trump, medyada yer alan olumsuz haberlere ve \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki \u015fehirlerde protestolara maruz kald\u0131. G\u00f6stericiler, “Ba\u015fkan\u0131m De\u011filsin” gibi sloganlar\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu tabelalar ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar ve Trump’\u0131n \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131, cinsiyet\u00e7i, yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ve hatta Nazi oldu\u011funu iddia ettiler. Oylar\u0131n yeniden say\u0131m\u0131 talepleri ve daha g\u00f6reve gelmeden azil yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 tehditleri de vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazeteciler, bu protestolar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun belirli \u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Florida merkezli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Trevor Loudon taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Amerika Ku\u015fatma Alt\u0131nda<\/em>: \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f 2017<\/em> belgeselinde anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, g\u00f6stericilerin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 “profesyonel devrimciler”den olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131 ve bu ki\u015filer Kuzey Kore, \u0130ran, Venezuela veya K\u00fcba gibi kom\u00fcnist rejimler ve di\u011fer otoriter devletlerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 idi. Film ayr\u0131ca \u00f6nde gelen iki Amerikan sosyalist \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn rol\u00fcn\u00fc vurguluyordu: Stalinist \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler D\u00fcnya Partisi ve Maoist \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Yolu Sosyalist \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc. [1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980’lerden beri kom\u00fcnist hareketi ara\u015ft\u0131ran Loudon’a g\u00f6re, sol \u00f6rg\u00fctler Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ni s\u0131zma ve y\u0131k\u0131m projeleri i\u00e7in birincil hedef olarak belirlediler. Amerikan siyaseti, e\u011fitimi, medyas\u0131 ve i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131, iyi konumlanm\u0131\u015f bireylerin etkisi alt\u0131nda gittik\u00e7e sola kayd\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki insanlar So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’tan sonra \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fcnyan\u0131n zaferini alk\u0131\u015flarken, kom\u00fcnizm son m\u00fccadeleye haz\u0131rl\u0131k olarak Bat\u0131 toplumunun kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 gizlice ele ge\u00e7iriyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizm, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi veya \u00c7in gibi toplu katliamlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi ve geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Do\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde, totaliter h\u00fck\u00fcmetler olarak tezah\u00fcr eder. Ancak kom\u00fcnizm, ayn\u0131 zamanda sessizce ve istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015fik sistemlerin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve otoritesini baltalamak yoluyla ve kasten yanl\u0131\u015f bilgiler yayarak Bat\u0131 \u00fczerinde kontrol sahibi olmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yozla\u015fmas\u0131na ve y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131na neden olmakta, ekonomiyi, politik s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, sosyal yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve toplumun ahlak dokusunu yok etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerika, \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fcnyan\u0131n feneridir ve kendisine Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verilmi\u015f olan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flama misyonunu yerine getirmektedir. Her iki d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonucunu belirleyen etken, ABD ordusunun sava\u015flara kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, n\u00fckleer bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m tehdidiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan Birle\u015fik Devletler, Sovyet ve Do\u011fu Avrupa kom\u00fcnist rejimlerinin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak Sovyet blo\u011funu ba\u015far\u0131yla kontrol alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Amerika’n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve akil y\u00f6netim konusundaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 totaliter rejimlerin kitlesel y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131ndan ve kontrol\u00fcnden kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kurucu Atalar\u0131, Bat\u0131’n\u0131n dini ve felsefi geleneklerinden \u00f6\u011frendiklerini kullanarak Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Bildirgesi’ni ve Birle\u015fik Devletler Anayasas\u0131’n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu belgeler, inan\u00e7 ve konu\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinden ba\u015flayarak Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n insana bah\u015fetti\u011fi haklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kca kabul etmi\u015f ve cumhuriyet\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmet sistemini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemini kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131’n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc tutumu, kom\u00fcnizmin amac\u0131na do\u011frudan ters d\u00fc\u015fer. Kom\u00fcnizm, kolektif, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir toplumun g\u00fczel vizyonlar\u0131yla kendini maskelerken, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6lele\u015ftirmeyi ve yok etmeyi ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti, Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde iktidara sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, kom\u00fcnist yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm kurum ve kurulu\u015flara s\u0131zmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak bat\u0131y\u0131 bu \u015fekilde ele ge\u00e7irmeyi hedefler. Bat\u0131’da bu kom\u00fcnist ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendiren en az be\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7, devrimi d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yaymak i\u00e7in kom\u00fcnist \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal’i (Komintern) kuran Sovyetler Birli\u011fi idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kincisi, Sovyet Kom\u00fcnist Partisi ve Komintern ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yerel kom\u00fcnist partilerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, bir\u00e7ok Bat\u0131l\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti son birka\u00e7 on y\u0131lda sosyalist politikalar benimsemeye te\u015fvik eden ve bunun sonucunda sola do\u011fru istikrarl\u0131 bir kaymaya neden olan ekonomik kriz ve sosyal ayaklanmayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, Kom\u00fcnist Parti’ye ve sosyalizme sempati duyan ve onu destekleyenlerdi. Bunlar, kom\u00fcnizme Bat\u0131 toplumunda i\u00e7erden y\u0131kmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan “yararl\u0131 aptallar” olarak hizmet etmi\u015flerdir; bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yok etmeye, ahlaki yozla\u015fmaya ve me\u015fru h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri alttan alta sarsmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi (\u00c7KP) be\u015finci g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. \u00c7inli kom\u00fcnistler, 1980’lerde ekonomik reformu uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra, \u00c7KP\u2019ye Bat\u0131’ya s\u0131zma f\u0131rsat\u0131 veren siyasi, ticari ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ba\u011flar kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayaletin ayarlamalar\u0131n\u0131n dolamba\u00e7l\u0131 do\u011fas\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Bat\u0131’daki kom\u00fcnist s\u0131zman\u0131n kapsaml\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak o kadar kolay de\u011fildir. Bununla birlikte, konuya geni\u015f bir pencereden bakarak, okuyucular onun \u015feytani do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flayabilir ve s\u0131ra s\u0131ra yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 aldatmacalar\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ekleri g\u00f6rmeyi \u00f6\u011frenebilirler. K\u0131saca anlatmak ad\u0131na, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm kom\u00fcnizmin Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ve Bat\u0131 Avrupa’daki durumuna genel bir bak\u0131\u015f sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u015eiddet Uygulayan ve Uygulamayan Kom\u00fcnizm Tipleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Partinin \u015fiddetle e\u015f anlaml\u0131 olmas\u0131 pop\u00fcler bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve bunun olduk\u00e7a iyi bir nedeni vard\u0131r. Rusya ve \u00c7in’in kom\u00fcnist rejimlerinin \u015fiddetli ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 devrimlerle iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi ve \u015fiddeti bir bask\u0131 arac\u0131 olarak kullanmas\u0131 dikkatleri kom\u00fcnizmin daha az g\u00f6r\u00fcnen di\u011fer bi\u00e7imlerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto’da Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels \u015funlar\u0131 yazd\u0131: \u201cKom\u00fcnistler g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gizlemeye reddederler. Ama\u00e7lar\u0131na ancak mevcut t\u00fcm sosyal ko\u015fullar\u0131n zorla y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla ula\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ilan ederler.” [2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx’a g\u00f6re, kom\u00fcnist devrimi asl\u0131nda ileri kapitalist \u00fclkelerde ba\u015flayacakt\u0131, ancak Vladimir Lenin, sosyalizmin ekonomik anlamda nispeten geri kalm\u0131\u015f olan Rusya’da in\u015fa edilebilece\u011fine inan\u0131yordu. Lenin\u2019in Marksizm\u2019e di\u011fer \u00f6nemli katk\u0131s\u0131 da, su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinde bulunan zorlama, aldatma ve \u015fiddet tekniklerini benimsemek ve bunlar\u0131 Marksist sosyo ekonomik teorisi ile birle\u015ftirerek parti kurma doktriniydi. Lenin’e g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kendi ba\u015f\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131f bilinci geli\u015ftirmekten ya da devrim talep etmekten acizdi ve bu nedenle, bir d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan eyleme ge\u00e7irilmesi gerekirdi. Devrim ajanlar\u0131, son derece disiplinli bir proleter “\u00f6nc\u00fc” olan Kom\u00fcnist Parti’de \u00f6rg\u00fctlenecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1884’te, Marx’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden bir y\u0131l sonra kurulan \u0130ngiliz Fabian Toplulu\u011fu, sosyalizmi dayatma m\u00fccadelesinde farkl\u0131 bir yol izledi. Toplulu\u011fun orijinal armas\u0131 koyun k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na girmi\u015f bir kurdu tasvir ediyordu ve ismi, Kartaca’ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta geciktirme taktikleriyle \u00fcn kazanan antik Roma generali ve diktat\u00f6r\u00fc Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus’dan gelmekteydi. Grubun \u00fcretti\u011fi ilk bro\u015f\u00fcrde, \u201cDo\u011fru an i\u00e7in beklemelisiniz, Fabius’un Hannibal ile sava\u015f\u0131rken sab\u0131rla bekledi\u011fi gibi, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi bu beklemeleri k\u0131nam\u0131\u015f olsa da; zaman\u0131 geldi\u011finde, Fabius gibi sert bir \u015fekilde sald\u0131rmal\u0131s\u0131n, yoksa bo\u015funa beklemi\u015f olursun” mesaj\u0131 vard\u0131. [3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fabian Toplulu\u011fu, yava\u015f yava\u015f sosyalizmi kabul ettirmek i\u00e7in siyasete, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ve sivil topluma s\u0131zmak amac\u0131yla bir “n\u00fcfuz etme” politikas\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015fti. Topluluk, sosyalist hedefleri kabul ettirmek ad\u0131na \u00fcyelerini uygun \u00f6rg\u00fctlere kat\u0131lmaya ve kabine bakanlar\u0131, \u00fcst d\u00fczey idari yetkililer, sanayiciler, \u00fcniversite dekanlar\u0131 ve kilise liderleri gibi \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetlerle ha\u015f\u0131r ne\u015fir olmaya te\u015fvik etti. Fabian Toplulu\u011fu’nun \u00e7ekirdek \u00fcyelerinden biri olan Sidney Webb \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Topluluk olarak, sosyalizmin Laiklik olmad\u0131<\/em>\u011f<\/em>\u0131 konusunu <\/em>\u00f6nemle vurgulayarak<\/em>, herhangi bir dini mezhepten olsun ya da olmas\u0131n, erkek veya kad\u0131n toplumun her kesiminden insan\u0131n aram\u0131za kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 memnuniyetle kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131k; ve t\u00fcm mant\u0131kl\u0131 toplu eylemin amac\u0131 ve hedefi, bireysel ruhun veya vicdan\u0131n veya karakterin geli<\/em>\u015f<\/em>imiydi. \u2026 Propagandam\u0131z\u0131 yava<\/em>\u015f<\/em> yava<\/em>\u015f<\/em> ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan <\/em>\u0130\u015f<\/em>\u00e7i Partisi ile veya kendilerini Sosyalist olarak adland\u0131rmaya haz\u0131r gruplarla veya s\u0131radan emek i<\/em>\u015f<\/em>\u00e7ileri ile veya belirli bir s\u0131n\u0131fla s\u0131n\u0131rlamad\u0131k. \u00d6nerilerimizi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu<\/em>\u011f<\/em>unca ikna edici bir <\/em>\u015f<\/em>ekilde, bizleri dinleyen herkesin \u00f6n\u00fcne koyuyoruz\u2014Muhafazakarlar, her dinin ve mezhebin kiliseleri, \u00e7e<\/em>\u015f<\/em>itli \u00dcniversiteler, Liberaller ve Radikaller ile birlikte di<\/em>\u011f<\/em>er Sosyalist Topluluklar\u0131n tamam\u0131. <\/em>\u0130\u015fte<\/em> buna “n\u00fcfuz etme” dedik ve bu \u00f6nemli bir ke<\/em>\u015f<\/em>if idi. [4]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hem Fabian Toplulu\u011fu\u2019nun \u015fiddetsiz kom\u00fcnizmi hem de Lenin\u2019in \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren kom\u00fcnizmi ayn\u0131 nihai amaca sahipti ve Lenin \u015fiddet i\u00e7ermeyen ara\u00e7lar\u0131 reddetmedi. Lenin, “Sol-Kanat” Kom\u00fcnizmi: Bir \u00c7ocukluk Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, “gerici” i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131 ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmay\u0131 veya “kapitalist” ulusal parlamentoya kat\u0131lmay\u0131 reddeden Bat\u0131 Avrupa’n\u0131n kom\u00fcnist partilerini ele\u015ftirdi. Lenin kitab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yazd\u0131: \u201cKendi ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anlayan bir Kom\u00fcnist i\u00e7in siyaset sanat\u0131, proleter \u00f6nc\u00fcn\u00fcn iktidar\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele ge\u00e7irebilece\u011fi ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve an\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde hesaplamakta yatar. \u0130ktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, bu \u00f6nc\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve proleter olmayan emek\u00e7i kitlelerin yeterli \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun ne zaman deste\u011fini alabilece\u011fine ve \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ne zaman koruyaca\u011f\u0131na, sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131na ve geni\u015fletebilece\u011fine karar vererek, daha fazla emek\u00e7i kitlesini e\u011fitmeli ve kendine \u00e7ekmelidir.” [5] <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin, kom\u00fcnistlerin ger\u00e7ek niyetlerini gizlemeleri gerekti\u011fini defalarca vurgulamaktayd\u0131. \u0130ktidar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, hi\u00e7bir vaat veya taviz g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmeyecekti. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, hedeflerine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in vicdans\u0131z olmalar\u0131 gerekiyordu. Hem Rusya’n\u0131n Bol\u015fevikleri hem de \u00c7in kom\u00fcnist hareketi, g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanma yolunda liberal \u015fiddet ve aldatmacadan yararland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet ve \u00c7in kom\u00fcnist rejimlerinin vah\u015feti, dikkati Bat\u0131’da bulunan \u015fiddetsiz kom\u00fcnizmden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Fabian Toplulu\u011fu k\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftirme konusunda uzmanla\u015ft\u0131. \u015eiddet i\u00e7ermeyen sosyalizmin ger\u00e7ek ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131radan bir retorikle \u00f6rtmek i\u00e7in \u0130rlandal\u0131 oyun yazar\u0131 Bernard Shaw’u se\u00e7ti. Shaw, The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131n son sayfas\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 yazd\u0131: \u201cSosyalizmin gelir e\u015fitli\u011fi ya da hi\u00e7bir \u015fey anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini ve sosyalizmde fakir olman\u0131za asla izin verilmeyece\u011fini de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirttim. \u0130steseniz de istemeseniz de zorla beslenecek, giydirilecek, eve yerle\u015ftirilecek, \u00f6\u011fretilecek ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacaks\u0131n\u0131z. T\u00fcm bu zahmete de\u011fecek kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir karakterinizin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ke\u015ffedilirse, muhtemelen nazik bir \u015fekilde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclebilirsiniz.” [6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nas\u0131l Leninist bir rejim, kendi iktidar\u0131n\u0131n alenen vah\u015fili\u011fini azaltmay\u0131 bazen uygun bulabilirse, Bat\u0131l\u0131 kom\u00fcnist partiler ve onlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli cephe \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, siyasi g\u00fcndemlerini ilerletmek i\u00e7in \u015fiddet ve di\u011fer su\u00e7 eylemlerini kullanmaktan \u00e7ekinmezler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Casusluk ve Dezenformasyon Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizm, ulus konseptini s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumun bask\u0131c\u0131 bir yap\u0131s\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr, bu nedenle vatanseverlik ve ulusal sadakat kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefler. Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto’da<\/em>, Marx ve Engels, “\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan insanlar\u0131n vatan\u0131 yoktur” der. Manifesto, “B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin i\u015f\u00e7ileri, birle\u015fin!” s\u00f6z\u00fcyle son bulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bol\u015fevikler, Lenin\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011finde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk sosyalist rejimini yaratt\u0131lar ve hemen ard\u0131ndan t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada sosyalist devrimi k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmak i\u00e7in Komintern\u2019i kurdular. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin ve Komintern’in amac\u0131, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki her ulusun me\u015fru rejimlerini devirmek ve proletarya i\u00e7in sosyalist bir d\u00fcnya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kurmakt\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki kom\u00fcnist partiler, Komintern’den rehberlik al\u0131p onun fonlar\u0131n\u0131 ve e\u011fitimini kabul ettiler. Bol\u015fevikler, emirlerindeki geni\u015f imparatorlu\u011fun kaynaklar\u0131yla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan aktivistleri i\u00e7lerine ald\u0131lar ve onlar\u0131 kendi \u00fclkelerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 operasyonlar y\u00fcr\u00fctmeleri i\u00e7in e\u011fittiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1919’da kurulan ABD Kom\u00fcnist Partisi (CPUSA), Komintern ve Bol\u015fevikleri takip eden b\u00f6yle bir organizasyondu. CPUSA’n\u0131n kendisi hi\u00e7bir zaman b\u00fcy\u00fck bir siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelmemi\u015f olsa da, Birle\u015fik Devletler \u00fczerindeki etkisi \u00f6nemliydi. CPUSA, i\u015f\u00e7i ve \u00f6\u011frenci hareketlerine, kiliseye ve h\u00fck\u00fcmete s\u0131zmak i\u00e7in aktivistler ve aktivist \u00f6rg\u00fctlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1950’lerin sonlar\u0131nda, Amerikan anti-kom\u00fcnist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden Fred Schwarz, ABD Temsilciler Meclisi’nde bir komiteye \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi: “Kom\u00fcnistlerin etkisini say\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re yarg\u0131lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, bir teknenin sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, var olan delikleri teknenin g\u00f6vdesine k\u0131yaslayarak belirlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak gibidir. Tek bir delik gemiyi bat\u0131rabilir. Kom\u00fcnizm, halk\u0131 kontrol eden ve y\u00f6nlendiren disiplinli bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n teorisidir. Hassas konumdaki tek bir ki\u015fi, binlerce ki\u015fiyi kontrol edebilir ve manip\u00fcle edebilir.” [7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet ajanlar\u0131n\u0131n II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti i\u00e7inde aktif oldu\u011fu bug\u00fcn biliniyor. Senat\u00f6r Joseph McCarthy’nin anti-kom\u00fcnist \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen ger\u00e7ekler, sol siyaset\u00e7iler, akademisyenler ve solcu medya taraf\u0131ndan halktan gizlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990’larda ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Amerikan istihbarat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kodu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclen bir dizi Sovyet irtibat bilgilerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Venona dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n gizlili\u011fini kald\u0131rd\u0131. Bu belgeler, Roosevelt y\u00f6netiminde \u00e7ok gizli bilgilere eri\u015fimi olan \u00fcst d\u00fczey yetkililer de dahil olmak \u00fczere ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetinde en az \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz Sovyet casusunun \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu. Ajanlar, konumlar\u0131n\u0131 Amerikan siyasetini ve devlet idaresini etkilemek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131lar. Sovyet casusu oldu\u011fu tespit edilenler aras\u0131nda ABD Hazine yetkilisi Harry Dexter White, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetkilisi Alger Hiss ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne askeri ve atomik s\u0131rlar\u0131 ilettikleri i\u00e7in elektrikli sandalye ile idam edilen \u00e7ift Julius ve Ethel Rosenberg bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Venona projesi taraf\u0131ndan yakalanan ve \u015fifresi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclen bilgiler, buzda\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sadece g\u00f6r\u00fcnen k\u0131sm\u0131yd\u0131; ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetine Sovyet s\u0131zmas\u0131n\u0131n tam boyutu bug\u00fcn bile bilinmiyor. Baz\u0131 Sovyet ajanlar\u0131, \u00fcst d\u00fczey Amerikan yetkilisi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak, \u00fclkede \u00f6nemli siyasi kararlar\u0131 etkileme f\u0131rsat\u0131 yakalad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00d6zel Siyasi \u0130\u015fler B\u00fcrosu\u2019nun direkt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rev yapan Hiss, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonundaki Yalta Konferans\u0131\u2019nda Ba\u015fkan Franklin D. Roosevelt\u2019in dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 olarak kilit bir rol oynad\u0131. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel d\u00fczenlemelerin belirlenmesinde, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda, mahkum de\u011fi\u015fimi ve benzeri kararlar\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

White, Hazine Bakan\u0131 Henry Morgenthau Jr.’\u0131n g\u00fcvenilir bir eleman\u0131yd\u0131. 1944 Bretton Woods uluslararas\u0131 mali anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etti. Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu (IMF) ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131’n\u0131n mimarlar\u0131ndan biriydi. White, \u00c7in Milliyet\u00e7i Partisi’ni (Kuomintang) yeralt\u0131 \u00c7KP \u00fcyesi olan Yi Zhaoding’i \u00c7in Maliye Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na almas\u0131 i\u00e7in ikna etti. 1941’de g\u00f6reve gelen Yi, Kuomintang\u2019\u0131n itibar\u0131na zarar veren ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin y\u00fckseli\u015fine sebep olan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 para reformlar\u0131n\u0131n mimar\u0131yd\u0131. [8] Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerin iddias\u0131na g\u00f6re, Sovyet casuslar\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n sol sempatizanlar\u0131, ABD d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131 olduk\u00e7a etkiledi. Bu ki\u015filer, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra ba\u015flayan \u00c7in \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ABD’nin Kuomintang’a askeri yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kesmesine sebep oldu. Ve nihayetinde, anakara \u00c7in, \u00c7KP’nin eline ge\u00e7ti. [9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir Sovyet muhbiri ve CPUSA \u00fcyesi olan ve daha sonra di\u011fer casuslara kar\u015f\u0131 tan\u0131kl\u0131k eden Whittaker Chambers \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi: \u201cD\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n ajanlar\u0131, belge \u00e7alman\u0131n \u00e7ok daha \u00f6tesine giden bir konumdalard\u0131. Ulusun d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131, \u00fclkenin ba\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda etkileyebilecek kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fclerdi; ve sadece istisnai durumlarda de\u011fil …. ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131n tamam\u0131nda \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir rol oynad\u0131lar.” [10]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970’te Bat\u0131’ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan eski bir KGB ajan\u0131 Yuri Bezmenov, yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ve r\u00f6portajlar\u0131nda Sovyet y\u0131k\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerini anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bezmenov’a g\u00f6re, k\u00f6pr\u00fcleri havaya u\u00e7uran veya gizli belgeleri \u00e7almak i\u00e7in sinsice dola\u015fan James Bond tarz\u0131 pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn casuslar\u0131 ger\u00e7eklikten \u00e7ok uzaklard\u0131. KGB personelinin ve kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 10 ila 15’i geleneksel casusluk operasyonlar\u0131na tahsis edilmi\u015fti, geri kalan\u0131 ideolojik y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flamakla g\u00f6revliydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tomas Schuman takma ad\u0131yla Bezmenov, y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n d\u00f6rt a\u015famada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi: ahlak\u0131 bozma, istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma, kriz ve “normalle\u015fme.” Bir nesil yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in gerekli zaman kadar s\u00fcren ilk a\u015fama, d\u00fc\u015fman \u00fclkede halk\u0131n ger\u00e7eklik alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kmaya ve ahlak\u0131n\u0131 bozmaya odaklan\u0131r; ikinci a\u015fama sosyal kaos yarat\u0131r; \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc bir i\u00e7 sava\u015fa, devrime veya ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkenin istilas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an bir krizi tetikler; bir sonraki ad\u0131m \u00fclkeyi Kom\u00fcnist Parti’nin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na alan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son a\u015famad\u0131r. Buna normalle\u015ftirme denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bezmenov, ilk a\u015famada \u00fc\u00e7 tane y\u0131k\u0131m ve ahlak bozma ad\u0131m\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtti: fikirler, yap\u0131lar ve ya\u015fam. Fikirler din, e\u011fitim, medya ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc kapsar. Yap\u0131lar aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet idaresi, hukuk sistemi, kanun yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, silahl\u0131 kuvvetler ve diplomasi yer al\u0131r. Ya\u015fam, aileleri ve topluluklar\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 \u0131rklardan ve sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flardan insanlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri kapsar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rnek olarak Bezmenov, toplumda huzursuzluk yaratmak i\u00e7in e\u015fitlik kavram\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l manip\u00fcle edildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Ajanlar, sosyal e\u015fitlik davas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik ederek, insanlar\u0131n kendi siyasi ve ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan \u015fikayet\u00e7i olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar. Aktivizm ve sivil ayaklanma, ekonomik \u00e7\u0131kmaz ile birle\u015ferek giderek k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcnde emek ve sermaye ili\u015fkilerini daha da \u015fiddetlendirir. Bu durum, kom\u00fcnist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin devrimi veya istilas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. [11]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet blo\u011fundan ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f en y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli istihbarat yetkilisi olan Ion Mihai Pacepa, 1978’de Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. Kom\u00fcnist rejimlerin, ilk a\u015famay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerine kar\u015f\u0131 psikolojik sava\u015f ve kasten yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilendirme stratejilerini nas\u0131l uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha da detayl\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Pacepa’ya g\u00f6re kasten yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilendirmenin amac\u0131 insanlar\u0131n olaylar\u0131 sa\u011fduyu ile alg\u0131lama yetisini de\u011fi\u015ftirmekti. \u0130deolojik de\u011ferler manip\u00fcle edildi\u011finde, insanlar, do\u011frudan kan\u0131t sunulsa bile ger\u00e7e\u011fi anlayamaz veya kabul edemez hale gelirler. [12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bezmenov, ideolojik y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n ilk a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n genellikle on be\u015f veya yirmi y\u0131l\u2014yani yeni bir neslin e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in gereken s\u00fcre kadar\u2014s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, ikinci a\u015faman\u0131n iki ila be\u015f y\u0131l, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc a\u015faman\u0131n ise yaln\u0131zca iki ila alt\u0131 ay s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yledi. Bezmenov, 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda verdi\u011fi bir r\u00f6portajda, ilk a\u015faman\u0131n Sovyet yetkililerinin bile beklentisini a\u015farak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pek \u00e7ok Sovyet casusu ve istihbarat yetkilisinin ifadeleri ve So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’tan kalan a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f gizli belgeler, s\u0131zma ve y\u0131kma taktiklerinin, 1960’larda ya\u015fanan k\u00fclt\u00fcr kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketin arkas\u0131ndaki itici g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1950’de McCarthy, Amerikan h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ve toplumuna kom\u00fcnist s\u0131zman\u0131n boyutunu if\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak d\u00f6rt y\u0131l sonra, Senato onu k\u0131namak i\u00e7in oy kulland\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kom\u00fcnist etkiden kurtarma giri\u015fimleri ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131. Bug\u00fcn McCarthycilik, siyasi zul\u00fcm ile e\u015f anlama gelmektedir. Bu, sol kanad\u0131n ideolojik m\u00fccadelede ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde hakimiyet kurdu\u011funun bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’\u0131n sona ermesi kom\u00fcnist s\u0131zmay\u0131 azaltmad\u0131. Sol kanat, zina yapanlar\u0131, k\u00fcrtaj yapanlar\u0131, su\u00e7lular\u0131 ve kom\u00fcnistleri korumak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ederken, medeniyete kar\u015f\u0131 gelmeyi ve anar\u015fiyi desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Yeni D\u00fczenden \u0130lericili\u011fe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

24 Ekim 1929’da New York Borsas\u0131’nda panik ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 12.9 milyon adet hisse senedi rekor seviyede i\u015flem g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Kriz, finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden t\u00fcm ekonomiye yay\u0131ld\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan gelen B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm sanayile\u015fmi\u015f ve geli\u015fmekte olan uluslar\u0131na s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131. 1929’da y\u00fczde 3 olan ABD i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131, 1933’te i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00f6rtte birine y\u00fckseldi. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca sanayi \u00fclkelerindeki sanayi \u00fcretim ortalama y\u00fczde 27 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. [13]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1933’\u00fcn ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Roosevelt\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131k g\u00f6revine ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ilk y\u00fcz g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, krizi \u00e7\u00f6zmeye y\u00f6nelik bir\u00e7ok yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131 sunuldu. Kongre’nin Acil Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Yasas\u0131, Tar\u0131msal Uyum Yasas\u0131, Ulusal Sanayii \u0130yile\u015ftirme Yasas\u0131 ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Yasas\u0131 gibi \u00f6nemli reformlar\u0131 ge\u00e7irmesiyle ekonomide devlet m\u00fcdahalesini art\u0131ran politikalar izlendi. Roosevelt\u2019in Yeni D\u00fczen\u2019i II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n patlak vermesi ile temelde zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f olsa da, o d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir\u00e7ok kurum ve kurulu\u015f, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar Amerikan toplumunu \u015fekillendirmeye devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roosevelt, yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131lda iktidara gelmi\u015f di\u011fer t\u00fcm ba\u015fkanlardan daha fazla kararname \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen, ABD’deki i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 1941’e kadar \u00e7ift hanenin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015femedi ve sava\u015f devam etmekteydi. Yeni D\u00fczen\u2019in ger\u00e7ek etkisi, ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetine y\u00fcksek vergilendirme, b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet ve ekonomik m\u00fcdahalecilik d\u00fczenini yerle\u015ftirmekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muhafazak\u00e2r d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Dinesh D’Souza, 2017 tarihli The Big Lie: Exposing the Nazi Roots of the American Left <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Roosevelt’in Yeni D\u00fczen\u2019in merkezini olu\u015fturan Ulusal Sanayii \u0130yile\u015ftirme Yasas\u0131’n\u0131n asl\u0131nda ABD serbest piyasas\u0131n\u0131 yok etmeyi hedefledi\u011fini savundu. [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih\u00e7i Jim Powell’\u0131n 2003 tarihli bir kitab\u0131 olan FDR’s Folly<\/em>‘e g\u00f6re, Yeni D\u00fczen, B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran’\u0131 sona erdirmek yerine uzatt\u0131: \u00d6rne\u011fin, Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Yasas\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i kanunlar\u0131, i\u015fsizli\u011fi te\u015fvik ederken, y\u00fcksek vergiler sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 i\u015fletmeye engel yarat\u0131yordu. [15] Ekonomist ve Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc Sahibi Milton Friedman, Powell’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6vm\u00fc\u015f ve \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir: \u201cDo\u011fruyu s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse\u2014Powell’\u0131n \u015f\u00fcpheye yer vermeden g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi\u2014Yeni D\u00fczen, ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczelmesini engelledi, daha da uzatt\u0131 ve i\u015fsizli\u011fi artt\u0131rd\u0131 ve en fazla m\u00fcdahaleci ve maliyetli h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u00e7in gereken altyap\u0131y\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131. [16]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fkan John F. Kennedy’nin 1963’te \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra g\u00f6reve gelen Ba\u015fkan Lyndon Johnson, 1964’te Birli\u011fin Durumu konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u201cyoksullu\u011fa ve i\u015fsizli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 topyekun sava\u015f\u201d ilan etti ve ard\u0131ndan M\u00fckemmel Toplum yerel programlar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Johnson bir dizi kararnameler yay\u0131nlad\u0131, yeni devlet kurumlar\u0131 kurdu, refah devletini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi, vergileri art\u0131rd\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin otoritesini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geni\u015fletti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Johnson\u2019\u0131n politikalar\u0131 ile o d\u00f6nemde kom\u00fcnist literat\u00fcrde yer alan hedefler aras\u0131ndaki benzerlikler dikkat \u00e7ekiciydi. CPUSA’n\u0131n eski genel sekreteri Gus Hall \u015funlar\u0131 demi\u015ftir: \u201cM\u00fckemmel Topluma kar\u015f\u0131 Kom\u00fcnist tutum, ayn\u0131 yatakta uyuyan iki insan\u0131n farkl\u0131 r\u00fcyalar\u0131 olabilir eski deyimiliyle \u00f6zetlenebilir. \u2026 Sosyalizmi hayal etti\u011fimiz i\u00e7in bu politikalar\u0131 destekliyoruz. “<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CPUSA, M\u00fckemmel Toplum giri\u015fimini desteklemi\u015f olabilir, ancak niyeti Johnson\u2019unkinden farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Johnson y\u00f6netimi, ABD’yi demokratik sistem alt\u0131nda iyile\u015ftirmeyi hedeflerken, Kom\u00fcnist Parti ABD’yi sosyalizme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeyi hedefliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fckemmel Toplum ve Yoksullu\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 Sava\u015f politikalar\u0131n\u0131n en ciddi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131yd\u0131: Refaha ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131, insanlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan cayd\u0131rd\u0131 ve aile yap\u0131s\u0131na zarar verdi. Refah politikalar\u0131 tek ebeveynli aileleri destekleyerek bo\u015fanmay\u0131 ve evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ocuk do\u011furmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etti. \u0130statistiklere g\u00f6re 1940’ta evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011fan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 3,8; 1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu rakam y\u00fczde 7,7’ye y\u00fckseldi. 1990’da, M\u00fckemmel Toplum reformundan yirmi be\u015f y\u0131l sonra, rakam y\u00fczde 28’di ve ard\u0131ndan 2012’de y\u00fczde 40’a y\u00fckseldi. [17] Bu politikalar, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de Afrikal\u0131 Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131 orant\u0131s\u0131z bir \u015fekilde etkiledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aile yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131 geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu: ku\u015faklar s\u00fcren yoksulluk, artan su\u00e7 oranlar\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fczerinde artan mali y\u00fck, hanehalk\u0131 e\u011fitiminin azalmas\u0131 ve daha y\u00fcksek g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131na yol a\u00e7an sosyal hak zihniyeti gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130sko\u00e7 tarih\u00e7i ve hukuk\u00e7u Lord Alexander Fraser Tytler’a atfedilen bir s\u00f6z vard\u0131r: \u201cBir demokrasi kal\u0131c\u0131 bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet bi\u00e7imi olarak var olamaz. O, ancak \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun kamu hazinesinden kendilerine ba\u011f\u0131\u015f sa\u011flayabildi\u011fini ke\u015ffedene kadar var olabilir. Ondan sonra, \u00e7o\u011funluk her zaman kamu hazinesinden en fazla fayday\u0131 vaat eden adaya oy verir, sonunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan gev\u015fek maliye politikas\u0131 nedeniyle demokrasi \u00e7\u00f6ker, her zaman bir diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck, ard\u0131ndan monar\u015fi gelir.” [18] Bu al\u0131nt\u0131 bazen Frans\u0131z tarih\u00e7i Alexis de Tocqueville’e de atfedilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7inliler \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cTasarruftan savurganl\u0131\u011fa gitmek kolayd\u0131r; savurganl\u0131ktan tasarrufa d\u00f6nmek zordur.” \u0130nsanlar refaha ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale geldikten sonra, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli faydalardan vazge\u00e7mesi ve onlar\u0131 azaltmas\u0131 neredeyse imkans\u0131z bir hale gelir. Bat\u0131 refah devleti, \u015fu anda politikac\u0131lar\u0131n ve yetkililerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir siyasi batakl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970’lerde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sol, Amerikan halk\u0131n\u0131 tetikte tutan devrimci terimlerden vazge\u00e7ti ve onlar\u0131n yerine kula\u011fa daha n\u00f6tr gelen “liberalizm” ve “ilericilik” terimlerini benimsedi. Kom\u00fcnist \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fayan insanlar \u201cilerleme\u201d terimine yabanc\u0131 de\u011fillerdir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu terim uzun bir s\u00fcredir Kom\u00fcnist Parti taraf\u0131ndan \u201ckom\u00fcnizm\u201d ile ayn\u0131 anlama gelecek \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, “ilerici hareket” terimi “kom\u00fcnist hareketi”, “ilerici entelekt\u00fceller” ise “kom\u00fcnist yanl\u0131s\u0131 bireyleri” veya Kom\u00fcnist Parti’nin yeralt\u0131 \u00fcyelerini kastetmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu arada liberalizm, ilericilikten \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc benzer \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlarda bulunur: y\u00fcksek vergiler; kapsaml\u0131 refah; b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmet; din, ahlak ve gelene\u011fin reddi; “sosyal adalet”in politik bir silah olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131; “politik do\u011fruculuk”; ve feminizmin, e\u015fcinselli\u011fin, cinsel sap\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n militanca te\u015fviki, vb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karma\u015f\u0131k tarihi olaylar esnas\u0131nda do\u011fru analizler ve yarg\u0131larda bulunmak ger\u00e7ekten zor oldu\u011fundan, herhangi bir bireyi veya politik \u015fahsiyeti hedef almak niyetinde de\u011filiz. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri kom\u00fcnizmin hayaletinin hem Do\u011fu’da hem de Bat\u0131’da i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Hayalet, \u015fiddetli devrim Do\u011fu’da ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kom\u00fcnizmin etkisini Bat\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerine ve toplumlar\u0131na yayarak onlar\u0131 daha da sola kayd\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran’\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, refah devleti gibi daha sosyalist politikalar benimsemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ateizm ve materyalizm, Amerikan toplumunun ahlaki yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bozdu. \u0130nsanlar Tanr\u0131’dan ve geleneksel ahlaktan uzakla\u015farak yalan ve yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilere kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7lerini yitirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Bat\u0131’n\u0131n K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern tarihte bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olan 1960’lar, Do\u011fu’dan Bat\u0131’ya uzanan e\u015fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 harekete tan\u0131k olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7KP\u2019nin K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi\u2019nin tersine, Bat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr hareketinin birden \u00e7ok odak noktas\u0131 veya daha do\u011frusu bir odak eksikli\u011fi varm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan 70’lere kadar, kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr hareketinin \u00e7o\u011funlukla gen\u00e7 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli aray\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7erisindeydi. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131’na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; baz\u0131lar\u0131 medeni haklar i\u00e7in sava\u015ft\u0131; baz\u0131lar\u0131 feminizmi savundu ve ataerkilli\u011fi k\u0131nad\u0131; baz\u0131lar\u0131 e\u015fcinsel haklar i\u00e7in \u00e7abalad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, haz almay\u0131, uyu\u015fturucuyu ve rock ‘n’ roll m\u00fczi\u011fi savunan gelenek ve otoriteye kar\u015f\u0131 gelen \u00e7ok say\u0131da hareket ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi’nin amac\u0131, H\u0131ristiyan medeniyetini ve geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yok etmekti. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte d\u00fczensiz ve kaotik olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu uluslararas\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011fi\u015fim kom\u00fcnizmden kaynaklan\u0131yordu. Hareketin gen\u00e7 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 “\u00dc\u00e7 M”ye yani Marx’a, Marcuse’ye ve Mao\u2019ya tap\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Herbert Marcuse, Frankfurt Okulu’nun \u00f6nemli bir \u00fcyesiydi. Frankfurt okulu, bir zamanlar Frankfurt \u00dcniversitesi olarak bilinen yerde 1923’te kurulan Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir grup Marksist entelekt\u00fcele verilen isimdir. Okulun kurucular\u0131, Bat\u0131 medeniyetine sald\u0131rmak ve Marksizmi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alana yaymak i\u00e7in “ele\u015ftirel teori” kavram\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frankfurt Okulu’nun kurucular\u0131ndan biri Macar Marksist Gy\u00f6rgy Luk\u00e1cs idi. Okulun amac\u0131n\u0131n “Bizi Bat\u0131 medeniyetinden kim kurtaracak?” sorusuna cevap vermek oldu\u011funu belirtti.[19] Bunu detayland\u0131rarak, Bat\u0131’y\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 her uygarl\u0131\u011fa ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre kar\u015f\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m yapmak ile su\u00e7lad\u0131. Luk\u00e1cs’a g\u00f6re Amerikan ve Bat\u0131 medeniyeti, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131, cinsiyet\u00e7i, milliyet\u00e7i, yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131, Yahudi d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131, fa\u015fist ve narsist medeniyeti idi. Bu entellekt\u00fcel s\u00f6ylem Bat\u0131’da “politik do\u011fruculu\u011fa” giden yolu a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1935’te Frankfurt Okulu Marksistleri, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ne yerle\u015ftiler ve New York’taki Columbia \u00dcniversitesi ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131lar. Bu, onlara teorilerini Amerikan topraklar\u0131nda yaymalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir f\u0131rsat verdi. Di\u011fer solcu akademisyenlerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla, birka\u00e7 nesil Amerikan gen\u00e7li\u011fini yozla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marksizmi Freudcu panseks\u00fcelizmle birle\u015ftiren Marcuse\u2019nin teorileri cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hareketini ba\u015flatt\u0131. Marcuse, kapitalist toplumda ki\u015finin do\u011fas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bask\u0131n\u0131n onu s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc elinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yordu. Bu nedenle, toplumu s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ve zahmetsiz bir zevk \u00fctopyas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in t\u00fcm geleneksel dinlere, ahlaka, d\u00fczene ve otoriteye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marcuse’nin 1955 tarihli \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri Eros ve Uygarl\u0131k<\/em>: Freud \u00dczerine Felsefi Bir \u0130nceleme<\/em>, iki \u00f6zel nedenden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Frankfurt bilim adamlar\u0131na ait \u00e7ok say\u0131da eserin aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer tutuyor: Birincisi, kitap Marx ve Freud’un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini birle\u015ftirerek Marx’\u0131n siyaset ve ekonomi ele\u015ftirilerini k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve psikoloji \u00fczerine bir ele\u015ftiriye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcyor. \u0130kincisi, kitap Frankfurt teorisyenleri ile gen\u00e7 okuyucular aras\u0131nda k\u00f6pr\u00fc kurarak 1960’lar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel isyan\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marcuse, kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr hareketinin “bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel devrim” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi, “\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc protesto, mevcut toplumun ahlak\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kuruma y\u00f6nelikti.” \u015e\u00f6yle devam etti: \u201cTam emin olarak s\u00f6yleyebilece\u011fimiz bir \u015fey var: geleneksel devrim fikri ve geleneksel devrim stratejisi sona erdi. Bu fikirler eski moda. \u2026 Yapmam\u0131z gereken \u015fey, sistemin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131larak ve yok edilerek par\u00e7alanmas\u0131d\u0131r.” [20]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130syankar gen\u00e7lerin \u00e7ok az\u0131 Frankfurt Okulu’nun gizli teorilerini kavrayabilmi\u015fti, ancak Marcuse’nin fikirleri \u00e7ok basitti: Gelenek kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131, otorite kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ve ahlak kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olun. K\u0131s\u0131tlama olmaks\u0131z\u0131n seks, uyu\u015fturucu ve rock ‘n’ roll ile kendinizi \u015f\u0131mart\u0131n. Hatta “sava\u015fma, sevi\u015f” ifadesini bile ortaya att\u0131. Ki\u015fi t\u00fcm otoriteye ve toplumsal normlara hay\u0131r dedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, \u201casil\u201d devrimci davan\u0131n bir \u00fcyesi olarak kabul edilecekti. Devrimci olmak o kadar basit ve kolayd\u0131 ki, o zamanlar bu kadar \u00e7ok gencin harekete kat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eunu da vurgulamak gerekir ki, bir\u00e7ok isyankar gen\u00e7 kendi iste\u011fiyle hareket etse de, hareketin \u00f6n saflar\u0131nda yer alan radikal \u00f6\u011frenci liderleri d\u0131\u015f kom\u00fcnist g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan e\u011fitilip, manip\u00fcle edildiler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ABD’li \u00f6\u011frenci aktivist \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc Demokratik Toplum i\u00e7in \u00d6\u011frenciler (SDS) liderleri, FBI raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re K\u00fcbal\u0131 casuslar taraf\u0131ndan e\u011fitildiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenci protestolar\u0131 do\u011frudan kom\u00fcnist gruplar taraf\u0131ndan organize edildi ve te\u015fvik edildi. Bu gruplardan biri, 1969’da SDS \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde devreye giren a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sol \u00f6rg\u00fct Weather Underground idi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weather Underground o y\u0131l yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klamada \u015fu c\u00fcmleleri kulland\u0131: “Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika’n\u0131n devrimci halklar\u0131 ile Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fki, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyadaki temel \u00e7eli\u015fkidir. Bu \u00e7eli\u015fkinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya halk\u0131n\u0131n ABD emperyalizmine ve onun u\u015faklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini te\u015fvik etmektedir.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu c\u00fcmleler, kom\u00fcnist \u00c7in’in o zamanki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ikinci lideri olan Lin Biao taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan “Ya\u015fas\u0131n Halk Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Zaferi!” makalesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. [21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nas\u0131l K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi geleneksel \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmayan bir zarar verdiyse, kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr hareketi de Bat\u0131 toplumunda devasa bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa sebep oldu. Birincisi, toplumun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyelerine ait olan veya ana ak\u0131m k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden sapm\u0131\u015f bir tak\u0131m davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 normalle\u015ftirdi. Cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, uyu\u015fturucu ve rock ‘n’ roll, gen\u00e7li\u011fin ahlaki de\u011ferlerini h\u0131zla a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131p, onlar\u0131 Tanr\u0131’ya, gelene\u011fe ve topluma kar\u015f\u0131 y\u0131prat\u0131c\u0131 bir g\u00fcce d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kincisi, kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr hareketi kaotik aktivizm i\u00e7in bir emsal olu\u015fturdu ve geni\u015f bir yelpazede antisosyal ve anti-Amerikan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imlerini te\u015fvik etti, ard\u0131ndan sokak protestolar\u0131na ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr sava\u015f\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, 1960’lar\u0131n gen\u00e7leri aktivist ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra, \u00fcniversitelere ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fclerine girdiler, y\u00fcksek lisans ve doktoralar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131lar ve Amerika’n\u0131n ana ak\u0131m toplumuna girdiler. Marksist d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ve de\u011ferlerini e\u011fitime, medyaya, siyasete ve i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar ve \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u015fiddet i\u00e7ermeyen bir devrimi devam ettirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980’lerden bu yana, Sol b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kontrol\u00fc ele ald\u0131 ve ana ak\u0131m medyada, akademi d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ve Hollywood’da kaleler kurdu. Ronald Reagan’\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu e\u011filimi k\u0131saca tersine \u00e7evirdi, ancak 1990’larda yeniden ba\u015flay\u0131p son y\u0131llarda zirveye ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Sava\u015f Kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ve Sivil Haklar Hareketleri <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

George Orwell\u2019in Bin Dokuz Y\u00fcz Seksen D\u00f6rt<\/em> roman\u0131nda, d\u00f6rt ana Okyanus  bakanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan biri, Parti’nin askeri i\u015flerini denetleyen Bar\u0131\u015f Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Bar\u0131\u015f Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n as\u0131l anlam\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n tam tersine kom\u00fcnistler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan bir stratejiye i\u015faret eder: Birinin g\u00fcc\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcnden daha zay\u0131fsa, bar\u0131\u015f iste\u011fini ilan eder; bir zeytin dal\u0131 uzatmak ani bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 gizlemenin en iyi yoludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve di\u011fer kom\u00fcnist \u00fclkeler, Bat\u0131’ya s\u0131zmak ve silahs\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bu stratejinin usta uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlad\u0131lar. II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sona erdikten hemen sonra\u2014ABD hala atom bombas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcreten ve kullanan tek \u00fclke iken\u2014D\u00fcnya Bar\u0131\u015f Konseyi kuruldu. \u0130lk ba\u015fkan\u0131, Frans\u0131z Kom\u00fcnist Partisi \u00fcyesi Frans\u0131z fizik\u00e7i Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Joliot-Curie oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015fta b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar veren Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Bat\u0131’dan gelen bask\u0131y\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in agresif bir \u015fekilde d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen bir taktik uygulad\u0131. D\u00fcnya Bar\u0131\u015f Konseyi, Sovyet Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’ne ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fct olan Sovyet Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 Savunma Komitesi’nin do\u011frudan tesiri alt\u0131na girdi. Konsey, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ni bar\u0131\u015fsever bir ulus olarak ilan eden, ABD’yi ise hegemonik sava\u015f k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olmakla su\u00e7layan d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir kampanya y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. \u00dcst d\u00fczey Sovyet yetkilisi ve ideolojik lider Mikhail Suslov taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir slogan olan “bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele”, Sovyet s\u00f6yleminin demirba\u015f\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suslov 1950 propaganda yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, “Mevcut sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareket, geni\u015f halk kitlelerinin bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 koruma ve sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fka bir katliam\u0131n u\u00e7urumuna s\u00fcr\u00fcklemesini \u00f6nleme iradesine ve iste\u011fine tan\u0131kl\u0131k ediyor” diye yazd\u0131. “\u015eimdi g\u00f6rev, kitlelerin bu iradesini Anglo-Amerikan sava\u015f k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n planlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6nlemlerini bozmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan aktif, somut eylemlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektir.” [22]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“D\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131”, kamuoyunun \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fcnyaya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131nda kom\u00fcnist cephelerden biri haline geldi. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, D\u00fcnya Sendikalar Federasyonu, Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Uluslararas\u0131 Demokratik Federasyonu, Uluslararas\u0131 Gazeteciler Federasyonu, D\u00fcnya Demokratik Gen\u00e7lik Federasyonu ve D\u00fcnya Bilimsel \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Federasyonu gibi kom\u00fcnist hedefleri te\u015fvik eden \u00e7ok say\u0131da kurulu\u015f ve gruba sponsor oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nde gelen bir Sovyet muhalifi Vladimir Bukovsky 1982’de \u015f\u00f6yle yazd\u0131: \u201cEski ku\u015faktan insanlar 1950’lerin y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerini, mitinglerini ve protestolar\u0131n\u0131 hala hat\u0131rlayabilirler. \u2026 T\u00fcm kampanyan\u0131n s\u00f6zde Bar\u0131\u015f Fonu ve Sovyet egemenli\u011findeki D\u00fcnya Bar\u0131\u015f Konseyi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Moskova’dan organize edildi\u011fi, y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve finanse edildi\u011fi art\u0131k bir s\u0131r de\u011fil.” [23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD Kom\u00fcnist Partisi eski Genel Sekreteri Gus Hall \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cBar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleyi b\u00fcy\u00fctmek, seviyesini y\u00fckseltmek, \u00e7ok daha fazla say\u0131da insan\u0131 dahil etmek, bunu her toplululukta, her halk \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcnde, her i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131nda, her kilisede, her evde, her sokakta ve insanlar\u0131n biraraya geldi\u011fi her ortamda bir mesele haline getirmek gerekiyor.” [24]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 dalga halinde ve ilki 1950’lerde olmak \u00fczere, \u201cbar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele\u201d hareketini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. \u0130kinci dalga, 1960’lar\u0131n ve 1970’lerin sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketiydi. 1992’de ABD’ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Sovyet GRU (askeri istihbarat) eski subay\u0131 Stanislav Lunev, “GRU ve KGB, Amerika ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki hemen hemen her sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareket ve \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn finanse edilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur” dedi. [25]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketi s\u0131ras\u0131nda eski bir Marksist ve aktivist olan Ronald Radosh, “Amac\u0131m\u0131z, hi\u00e7bir zaman sava\u015f\u0131 sona erdirmek de\u011fildi, \u00fclkemizde yeni bir devrimci sosyalist hareket yaratmak i\u00e7in sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kullanmakt\u0131” dedi. [26]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareket, ABD’nin stratejik olarak Avrupa’ya orta menzilli n\u00fckleer f\u00fczeler yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi 1980’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 protestocular, hem Birle\u015fik Devletler hem de Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etti ve 1987’de Orta Menzilli N\u00fckleer Kuvvetler Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (INF) olu\u015fturuldu. Sovyet blo\u011funda ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve siyasi \u015feffafl\u0131k eksikli\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, anla\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131 ancak demokratik Bat\u0131’da etkili bir \u015fekilde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nabildi. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, kom\u00fcnist veya radikal sol ba\u011flar\u0131 olan \u00f6rg\u00fctler, \u00f6zellikle Ter\u00f6re Kar\u015f\u0131 Sava\u015f’\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonra, ABD’nin sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketinin y\u00f6nlendirilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaya devam ettiler. [27]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnistler ayr\u0131ca Amerikan sivil haklar hareketini gasp etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarf ettiler. 1920’lerin sonlar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak, Amerika Kom\u00fcnist \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi, zenciler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devrim potansiyeli oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. [28] 1935’te yay\u0131nlanan bir kom\u00fcnist propaganda el kitab\u0131 olan, Sovyet Amerika’n\u0131n Zencileri,<\/em> Amerika’n\u0131n G\u00fcneyi’nde, Siyahlar Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmas\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere, genel proleter devrimle birle\u015ftirilecek bir \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 devrim \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. [29]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960’larda sivil haklar hareketinin elementleri Sovyet ve \u00c7in kom\u00fcnist partilerinden destek ald\u0131. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 u\u00e7ta yer alan Devrimci Aksiyon Hareketi ve Maoist Kara Panter Partisi, \u00c7KP taraf\u0131ndan desteklendi veya onun etkisi alt\u0131na girdi. 1965 yaz\u0131nda, bir\u00e7ok Amerikan \u015fehri \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 isyanlar\u0131yla ya\u011fmaland\u0131. Leonard Patterson, ABD Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nden \u00e7ekildikten sonra, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 u\u00e7taki zenci \u00f6rg\u00fctlere liderlik edenlerin Parti’nin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc deste\u011finden faydaland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Hem kendisi hem de Hall, Moskova’da e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. [30]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kara Panter Partisi, \u00f6rg\u00fctsel yap\u0131s\u0131 ya da ideolojik program\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, rol modeli olarak \u00c7KP’yi \u00f6rnek ald\u0131. Mao’nun “siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 silah\u0131n namlusundan do\u011far” ve “t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7 halka aittir” gibi sloganlar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131. Mao\u2019nun K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Kitab\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00fcyelerin okumas\u0131 gereken bir kitapt\u0131. \u00c7KP gibi Kara Panterler de \u015fiddetli devrimi savundu. Panterlerin liderlerinden biri olan Eldridge Cleaver, 1968’de bir ter\u00f6r, \u015fiddet ve gerilla sava\u015f\u0131 dalgas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bir\u00e7ok Kara Panter toplant\u0131s\u0131nda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, ayn\u0131 \u00c7in’deki K\u0131z\u0131l Muhaf\u0131zlar’\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Kitab\u0131 ellerinde sall\u0131yorlard\u0131. [31]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sivil haklar hareketi \u0131rk ili\u015fkilerini ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kamusal tart\u0131\u015fmaya ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131 ve Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n yasalar, g\u00f6steriler, boykotlar ve e\u011fitim gibi bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l yollarla \u00fclkenin en derin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmelerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. Ancak, solcu devrimciler, \u0131rksal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 radikal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir s\u0131\u00e7rama tahtas\u0131 olarak kullanmaya devam ettiler. [32]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devam\u0131 gelecek\u2026 Be\u015finci B\u00f6l\u00fcm, K\u0131s\u0131m II<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

22 Nisan 2020’de g\u00fcncellendi.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizcesi i\u00e7in: <\/em>How the Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmler:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ns\u00f6z: Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f: Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Hayaletin \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yok Etme Stratejileri<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Kom\u00fcnizmin Avrupa\u2019daki Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Do\u011fu’daki Zul\u00fcm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Devrimin D\u0131\u015f \u00dclkelere S\u0131zmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Joseph (Jake) Klein, \u201cTrevor Loudon ile R\u00f6portaj,\u201d Capital Research Center, 24 \u015eubat 2017, 16 Nisan 2020’de eri\u015fildi, https:\/\/capitalresearch.org\/article\/an-interview-with-trevor-loudon<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, \u201cManifesto of the Communist Party,\u201d in Marx & Engels Selected Works,<\/em> vol. 1, trans. Samuel Moore, ed. Andy Blunden (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1969), Marxists Internet Archive, 17 Nisan 2020’de eri\u015fildi, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/ch04.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u201cOur History,\u201d Fabian Society, 6 Mart 2020’de eri\u015fildi, https:\/\/fabians.org.uk\/about-us\/our-history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Mary Agnes Hamilton, Sidney and Beatrice Webb: A Study in Contemporary Biography<\/em> (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1932).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Vladimir Lenin, \u2018Left Wing\u2019 Communism: An Infantile Disorder<\/em> (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1952), 47.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. George Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman\u2019s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism<\/em> (New York: Brentano\u2019s Publishers, 1928), 470.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. US Congress, House, Committee on Un-American Activities, Communist Legal Subversion: The Role of the Communist Lawyer: Report,<\/em> 86th Cong., 1st sess., February 16, 1959.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America<\/em> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 138\u2013145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. M. Stanton Evans and Herbert Romerstein, Stalin\u2019s Secret Agents: The Subversion of Roosevelt\u2019s Government<\/em> (New York: Threshold Editions, 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Whittaker Chambers, Witness<\/em> (New York: Random House, 1952).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Tomas Schuman (Yuri Bezmenov), Love Letter to America<\/em> (Los Angeles: Maxims Books, 1984), 21\u201346.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak, Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism<\/em> (Washington, DC: WND Books Inc., 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Bureau of the Census, \u201cHistorical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Part 2,\u201d 16 Nisan 2020’de eri\u015fildi, https:\/\/www.census.gov\/history\/pdf\/1930-39unemployment.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Dinesh D\u2019Souza, The Big Lie: Exposing the Nazi Roots of the American Left<\/em> (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. Jim Powell, FDR\u2019s Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression<\/em> (New York: Crown Forum, 2003).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. Milton Friedman, as quoted in Powell, FDR\u2019s Folly,<\/em> back cover.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. Nicholas Eberstadt, \u201cThe Great Society at 50: What LBJ wrought,\u201d American Enterprise Institute,<\/em> May 9, 2014, 16 Nisan 2020’de eri\u015fildi, https:\/\/www.aei.org\/articles\/the-great-society-at-50<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. Elmer T. Peterson, \u201cThis Is the Hard Core of Freedom,\u201d The Daily Oklahoman,<\/em> December 9, 1951.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. William S. Lind, \u2018Political Correctness:\u2019 A Short History of an Ideology <\/em>(Washington, DC: Free Congress Foundation, 2004), 4\u20135.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. Ibid., 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. Lin Biao, \u201cDefeat US Imperialism and Its Lackeys by People\u2019s War,\u201d in Long Live the Victory of People\u2019s War!<\/em> (Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1965).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. Mikhail Suslov, \u201cThe Defense of Peace and the Struggle Against the Warmongers\u201d (New Century Publishers, February 1950), Marxists Internet Archive, 17 Nisan 2020’de eri\u015fildi, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/suslov\/1949\/11\/x01.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. Vladimir Bukovsky, \u201cThe Peace Movement & the Soviet Union,\u201d Commentary Magazine<\/em>, May 1982, 17 Nisan 2020’de eri\u015fildi, https:\/\/www.commentarymagazine.com\/articles\/the-peace-movement-the-soviet-union<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. US Congress, Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates,<\/em> 88th Cong., 1st sess., Vol. 109, Part 1, January 9, 1963\u2013January 30, 1963.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. Stanislav Lunev and Ira Winkler, Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev<\/em> (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 1998).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. Ronald Radosh, as quoted in Robert Chandler, Shadow World: Resurgent Russia, the Global New Left, and Radical Islam<\/em> (Washington, DC.: Regnery Publishing, 2008), 389.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27. \u201cAIM Report: Communists Run Anti-War Movement,\u201d Accuracy in Media,<\/em> February 19, 2003, https:\/\/www.aim.org\/aim-report\/aim-report-communists-run-anti-war-movement<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28. John Pepper (Joseph Pogani), American Negro Problems<\/em> (New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1928), Marxists Internet Archive, 17 Nisan 2020’de eri\u015fildi, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/history\/usa\/parties\/cpusa\/1928\/nomonth\/0000-pepper-negroproblems.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29. James W. Ford and James S. Allen, The Negroes in a Soviet America<\/em>(New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1935), 24\u201330.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30. Leonard Patterson, \u201cI Trained in Moscow for Black Revolution,\u201d Speakers Bureau of the John Birch Society, YouTube video, posted by Swamp Yankee, August 20, 2011, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GuXQjk4zhZs<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31. G. Louis Heath, ed., Off the Pigs! The History and Literature of the Black Panther Party<\/em> (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1976), 61.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

32. Thurston Powers, \u201cHow Black Lives Matter Is Bringing Back Traditional Marxism,\u201d The Federalist,<\/em> September 28, 2016, http:\/\/thefederalist.com\/2016\/09\/28\/black-lives-matter-bringing-back-traditional-marxism<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devam\u0131 gelecek\u2026 Be\u015finci B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/em><\/strong>, 2. K\u0131s\u0131m<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00fcmler: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ns\u00f6z: Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f: Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Hayaletin \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yok Etme Stratejileri<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Kom\u00fcnizmin Avrupa\u2019daki Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Do\u011fu\u2019daki Zul\u00fcm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Devrimin D\u0131\u015f \u00dclkelere S\u0131zmas\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015finci B\u00f6l\u00fcm, 1. K\u0131s\u0131m: Bat\u0131ya S\u0131zmak<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizcesi i\u00e7in: How the Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor? “Kom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor” kitab\u0131n\u0131n serile\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7evirisi Epoch Times, \u201cKom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum\u201dun yazarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u201cKom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?\u201d adl\u0131 \u00c7ince kitab\u0131n \u00e7eviri serisini okurlar\u0131na sunuyor.  \u0130\u00e7indekiler Giri\u015f 1. \u015eiddet Uygulayan ve Uygulamayan Kom\u00fcnizm Tipleri 2. Casusluk ve Dezenformasyon Sava\u015f\u0131 3. Yeni D\u00fczenlemeden \u0130lericili\u011fe 4. Bat\u0131’n\u0131n K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13974,"featured_media":135475,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"","_yoast_wpseo_focuskw_text_input":""},"categories":[2045,5,519,1,8135],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nBe\u015finci B\u00f6l\u00fcm, 1. K\u0131s\u0131m: Bat\u0131ya S\u0131zmak - The Epoch Times TR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/index.php\/besinci-bolum-1-kisim-batiya-sizmak\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Be\u015finci B\u00f6l\u00fcm, 1. 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