{"id":140171,"date":"2022-08-07T12:26:18","date_gmt":"2022-08-07T09:26:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/?p=140171"},"modified":"2022-08-15T22:41:14","modified_gmt":"2022-08-15T19:41:14","slug":"komunist-parti-uzerine-dokuz-yorum-2-bolum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/index.php\/komunist-parti-uzerine-dokuz-yorum-2-bolum","title":{"rendered":"Kom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum \u2013 2. B\u00f6l\u00fcm"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Sol \u00dcst Chnag Kai-Shek and Mao Zedung in 1945 (Foto\u011fraf: Wikipedi), Sa\u011f \u00dcst: \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu birlikleri \u00c7in \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131 S\u0131ras\u0131nda 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pakin’e girerken (Foto\u011fraf: Wikipedi), Alt resim: Mao Zedong, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda Stalin ile birlikte, 21 Aral\u0131k 1949 (Foto\u011fraf: Wikipedi) <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ns\u00f6z<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

XuShen taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan (\u0130.\u00d6. 147, Do\u011fu Han Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) Basit Karakterleri A\u00e7\u0131klamak ve Bile\u015fik Karakterleri Analiz Etmek<\/em>(ShuowenJiezi) kitab\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cparti\u201d veya \u201c\u00e7ete\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u00c7in karakteri Dang<\/em> s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u201cte\u015fvik et veya savun\u201d ve \u201ckaranl\u0131k veya siyah\u201d anlamlar\u0131na tekab\u00fcl eden iki k\u00f6kten meydana gelir. \u0130ki k\u00f6k\u00fc bir araya getirirsek ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan karakter \u201ckaranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. \u201cParti\u201d veya \u201cparti \u00fcyesi\u201d (\u201c\u00e7ete\u201d veya \u201c\u00e7ete \u00fcyesi\u201d olarak da yorumlanabilir) onur k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcc\u00fc bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131r. Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs, \u201cAsil bir ki\u015fi gururludur ancak agresif de\u011fildir, sosyalle\u015fir ancak partizan de\u011fildir\u201d demi\u015ftir. Se\u00e7meler dipnotlar\u0131 bunu  \u201cHatalar\u0131n\u0131 gizlemek i\u00e7in birbirine yard\u0131m eden insanlara \u00e7ete (parti) olu\u015fturuyorlar denir\u201d diye a\u00e7\u0131klar. \u00c7in tarihinde siyasi hiziplere s\u0131k s\u0131k Peng Dang (gizli komite) denmektedir. Geleneksel \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde bu \u201cal\u00e7aklar \u00e7etesi\u201d ile  e\u015fanlaml\u0131d\u0131r ve bencil ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in \u00e7etele\u015fmeyi ima eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neden Kom\u00fcnist Parti Modern \u00c7in\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve sonunda da iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir? \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi, \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n beynine daima tarihin \u00c7KP\u2019yi se\u00e7mi\u015f oldu\u011funu, insanlar\u0131n \u00c7KP\u2019yi se\u00e7mi\u015f oldu\u011funu ve \u201c\u00c7KP olmadan yeni \u00c7in\u2019in olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d sokmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti’yi \u00c7in halk\u0131 m\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015ftir? Yoksa Kom\u00fcnist Parti \u00e7etele\u015ferek kendisini kabul etmesi i\u00e7in \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131 zorlam\u0131\u015f m\u0131d\u0131r? Yan\u0131tlar\u0131 tarihten bulmam\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan (1644-1911) Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar (1911-1949) \u00c7in, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen muazzam \u015foklar\u0131 ve i\u00e7 reformlar konusunda kapsaml\u0131 giri\u015fimleri deneyimlemi\u015ftir. \u00c7in toplumu bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde ac\u0131 veren karga\u015falar i\u00e7erisinde olmu\u015ftur. Y\u00fcce ideallere haiz bir\u00e7ok entelekt\u00fcel ve insan, \u00fclkeyi ve \u00fclkenin insanlar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak istemi\u015ftir. Ancak ulusal kriz ve karma\u015fa ortam\u0131nda, bu ki\u015filerin de endi\u015feleri b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek \u00f6nce hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sonra da tamamen umutsuzlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hastayken bulabildikleri her doktora giden insanlar gibi bu ki\u015filer de \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in \u00c7in d\u0131\u015f\u0131na bakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Britanya ve Frans\u0131z stilleri ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olunca, onlar da Rus metoduna d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015flerdir. \u00c7in\u2019in h\u0131zla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fcmidiyle hastal\u0131k i\u00e7in en a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7are re\u00e7etesini yazmaktan \u00e7ekinmemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu umutsuzlu\u011fun tam yans\u0131mas\u0131 1919\u2019daki D\u00f6rt May\u0131s Hareketi olmu\u015ftur. Baz\u0131 insanlar anar\u015fizmi savunmu\u015f, di\u011ferleri Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs doktrinlerinden kurtulmay\u0131 \u00f6nermi\u015f, di\u011fer bir k\u0131s\u0131m da yabanc\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn getirilmesini \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. K\u0131sacas\u0131 geleneksel \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc reddederek orta yolun Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs doktrinine de kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. K\u0131sa yoldan bir yere varman\u0131n hevesiyle geleneksel olan her \u015feyin yok edilmesini benimsemi\u015flerdir. Bir yandan bu ki\u015filerin aras\u0131nda bulunan radikal \u00fcyelerin \u00fclkeye hizmet etmek konusunda bir y\u00f6ntemleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi di\u011fer yandan da kendi ideal ve isteklerine s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya inanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu ki\u015filer d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00fcmitsiz oldu\u011funu hissederek \u00c7in\u2019in gelecekteki geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in do\u011fru yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bulduklar\u0131na inanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Devrim ve \u015fiddet i\u00e7in ihtirasl\u0131 davranm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011fi\u015fik deneyimler \u00e7e\u015fitli gruplar aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 teorilere, ilkelere ve y\u00f6ntemlere sapmalara neden olmu\u015ftur. Sonunda bir grup insan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden Kom\u00fcnist Parti temsilcileri ile tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marksizm-Leninizm teorisinden al\u0131nan \u201cSiyasi iktidar\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren devrim yapmak\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi bunlar\u0131n heyecanl\u0131 beyinlerine \u00e7ekici gelmi\u015f ve \u00fclke ile halk\u0131 kurtarmak arzular\u0131na uygun d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Birbirleriyle hemen bir ittifak kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Tamam\u0131yla yabanc\u0131 bir kavram olan kom\u00fcnizmi \u00c7in\u2019le tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130lk \u00c7KP Kongresine toplamda on \u00fc\u00e7 temsilci kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonralar\u0131 bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00c7KP\u2019ye ihanet etmi\u015f veya f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131 davranarak istilac\u0131 Japonlar i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak \u00c7in\u2019in vatan hainleri olmu\u015f ya da \u00c7KP\u2019den ayr\u0131larak Kuomintang\u2019a (bundan sonra KMT olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lacak Nasyonalist Parti) kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1949\u2019da \u00c7KP \u00c7in\u2019de iktidara geldi\u011finde kurucu on \u00fc\u00e7 parti \u00fcyesinden sadece Mao Zedong (Mao TseTung olarak da yaz\u0131l\u0131r) ve Dong Biwu kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7KP\u2019nin kurucular\u0131n\u0131n o zaman Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden al\u0131p, ulusu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in arad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7are olarak tan\u0131tt\u0131klar\u0131 \u201ctanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n\u201d ger\u00e7ekte \u015feytani bir hayalet ve \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir zehir oldu\u011funun fark\u0131nda olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131 pek a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devrimi hen\u00fcz kazanm\u0131\u015f Tamam\u0131-Rus Kom\u00fcnist Parti (Bol\u015fevik) (sonradan Rusya Kom\u00fcnist Partisi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 duydu\u011fu istek ile tak\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir hale gelmi\u015fti. 1920\u2019de Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kom\u00fcnist Enternasyonel\u2019in veya Komintern\u2019in bir \u015fubesi olan Uzak Do\u011fu B\u00fcrosunu kurmu\u015ftur. Bu b\u00fcro \u00c7in\u2019de ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde Kom\u00fcnist Partinin kurulmas\u0131ndan sorumluydu. Sumiltsky b\u00fcronun ba\u015f\u0131 ve Grigori Voitinsky ise m\u00fcd\u00fcr vekili idi. Bunlar Chen Duxiao ve di\u011ferleri ile \u00c7KP\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Komintern\u2019in Haziran 1921\u2019de \u00c7in \u015fubesini kurmak i\u00e7in Uzak Do\u011fu B\u00fcrosu\u2019na sundu\u011fu teklif, \u00c7KP\u2019nin, Komintern\u2019in bir \u015fubesi olmas\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyordu. Uzak Do\u011fu B\u00fcrosu\u2019ndan Nikolsky ve Maring\u2019in yard\u0131m\u0131 ile \u00c7KP, 23 Temmuz 1921\u2019de resmen kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bundan sonra Kom\u00fcnist hareket \u00c7in\u2019e bir deney olarak girdi ve \u00c7KP kendini her \u015feyin \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutarak yolunun \u00fcst\u00fcndeki her \u015feyi zaptetti ve b\u00f6ylece \u00c7in\u2019e sonu olmayan bir felaket ve y\u0131k\u0131m getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

******************<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. \u00c7KP S\u00fcrekli Bir \u015eekilde K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc Artt\u0131rarak  B\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in gelene\u011fi ile hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015femeyecek Kom\u00fcnist Parti gibi yabanc\u0131 ve \u015feytani bir hayaletin, \u00c7in\u2019e, 5,000 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir medeniyet tarihine sahip bir \u00fclkeye giri\u015fi elbette kolay bir i\u015f de\u011fildir. \u00c7KP, \u00fclkeye hizmet etmek isteyen halk\u0131 ve vatansever entelekt\u00fcelleri \u201ckom\u00fcnist \u00fctopya\u201d vaadi ile aldatt\u0131. Bunun \u00f6tesinde, t\u00fcm geleneksel ahlak\u0131 ve ilkeleri yok etmek i\u00e7in teorik bir altyap\u0131 olu\u015fturmak isteyen Lenin taraf\u0131ndan da ciddi bir \u015fekilde sapt\u0131r\u0131lan kom\u00fcnizm teorisini daha da fazla \u00e7arp\u0131tt\u0131. Bunlara ilaveten \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kom\u00fcnizm teorisi, \u00c7KP\u2019nin y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 olan her \u015feyi yok etmek ve sahip oldu\u011fu kontrol\u00fc tehdit eden t\u00fcm sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7KP End\u00fcstriyel Devrimin inan\u00e7lar\u0131 yok etme ilkesini ve kom\u00fcnizmin teorik olarak tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ateistli\u011fini benimsedi. \u00c7KP kom\u00fcnizmin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti reddetmesini miras ald\u0131 ve Lenin\u2019in \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren devrim teorisini d\u0131\u015fardan getirdi. Bu arada \u00c7KP, \u00c7in monar\u015fisinin en k\u00f6t\u00fc taraflar\u0131n\u0131 da benimsedi ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin tarihi, ister yerli ister yabanc\u0131 olsun her t\u00fcrl\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ad\u0131m ad\u0131m biriktirilmesi s\u00fcrecidir. \u00c7KP kendine miras kalan dokuz \u00f6zelli\u011fi m\u00fckemmelle\u015ftirdi ve onlara \u201c\u00c7in’e \u00f6zg\u00fc karakteristik \u00f6zellikler\u201d verdi: \u015feytanilik, aldatma, te\u015fvik, toplumun k\u00f6t\u00fc insanlar\u0131n\u0131n tasmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartmak, ispiyonculuk, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, kavga, eliminasyon ve kontrol. \u00c7KP s\u00fcrekli ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan krizlere yan\u0131t verirken bu k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00f6zellikleri peki\u015ftirmi\u015f ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015f ve onlar\u0131 sonuna kadar t\u00fcketti\u011fi noktaya kadar gitmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras Kalan \u0130lk \u00d6zellik: \u015eeytanilik \u2013 Marksizm-Leninizm’in \u015eeytani K\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na B\u00fcr\u00fcnmek <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in Kom\u00fcnistlerinin ilgisini ilk olarak Marksizm’in, \u201ceski devlet aparatlar\u0131n\u0131 yok etmek ve proletaryan\u0131n diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kurmak i\u00e7in \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren devrimin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d beyan\u0131 \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Bu kesinlikle Marksizm ve Leninizm\u2019deki k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn temelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marksist materyalizm, dar ekonomik kavramlar olan \u00fcretim g\u00fc\u00e7leri, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ve art\u0131 de\u011fer  kavramlar\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Kapitalizmin geli\u015fmemi\u015f ilk safhalar\u0131nda Marx, kapitalizmin \u00f6lece\u011fi ve proletaryan\u0131n kazanaca\u011f\u0131na dair dar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc bir tahmin yapm\u0131\u015f ve tahminin yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu tarih ve ger\u00e7ekler taraf\u0131ndan kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marksist-Leninist \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren devrim ve proletaryan\u0131n diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, g\u00fc\u00e7-siyasetini ve proletaryan\u0131n hakimiyetini te\u015fvik eder. Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto, Kom\u00fcnist Parti’nin tarihi ve felsefi temelini, s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve m\u00fccadelesi ile ili\u015fkilendirmi\u015ftir. Proletarya iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek u\u011fruna geleneksel ahlaktan ve sosyal ili\u015fkilerden uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n ilk olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesinden itibaren kom\u00fcnizmin doktrinleri b\u00fct\u00fcn geleneklere kar\u015f\u0131 gelmek \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsan do\u011fas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn kainatta \u015fiddete kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eiddet insanlar\u0131 ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve zalim yapar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her yerde ve her zaman insanl\u0131k temel olarak Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin \u015fiddet teorisini reddetmi\u015ftir, \u00f6yle bir teori ki daha \u00f6nceki hi\u00e7bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, felsefe veya gelenekte olmayan. Kom\u00fcnist sistem ter\u00f6r\u00fc, bir anda, nereden geldi\u011fi bilinmez bir \u015fekilde yery\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin \u015feytani ideolojisi insanlar\u0131n do\u011fay\u0131 fethedebilece\u011fi ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilece\u011fi kurgusu \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. Kom\u00fcnist Parti, \u201ct\u00fcm insanlar\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kavu\u015fturma\u201d ve \u201cd\u00fcnya birli\u011fi\u201d ideolojisi ile pek \u00e7ok insan\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. \u00c7KP, \u00f6zellikle insanlar\u0131n durumundan endi\u015fe duyan ve topluma kendi izlerini b\u0131rakmak isteyen bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131 aldatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu insanlar yukar\u0131da cennetin oldu\u011funu unutmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7ok g\u00fczel ancak yanl\u0131\u015f yola sapt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u201cYery\u00fcz\u00fcnde cenneti in\u015fa etmek\u201d nosyonundan ilham alarak gelenekleri hor g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fler ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemi\u015flerdir ama sonu\u00e7ta kendilerini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 \u00c7KP\u2019ye \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00e7 duyulacak bir hizmet vermek ve onur kazanmak \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7inde yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti \u201cKom\u00fcnist cennet\u201d fantezisini sanki ger\u00e7ekmi\u015f gibi sunmu\u015f ve insanlarda bu cennet i\u00e7in sava\u015fma \u015fevkini uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ak\u0131l yeni yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in g\u00fcrler, \u201cBu do\u011fmakta olan yeni d\u00fcnyad\u0131r.\u201d [1] B\u00f6yle tamamen abs\u00fcrt bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ile \u00c7KP insanl\u0131k ve cennet aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131lara sekte vurmu\u015f, \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131 atalar\u0131na ve ulusal gelenek, g\u00f6reneklerine ba\u011flayan ya\u015fam \u00e7izgisini kesmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsanlara hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kom\u00fcnizm u\u011fruna feda etmeleri i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunarak \u00c7KP zarar verme yetene\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras Kalan \u0130kinci \u00d6zellik: Aldatmak \u2014 \u015eeytan\u0131n Kendini Hakl\u0131 G\u00f6stermek \u0130\u00e7in Hileye Ba\u015fvurmas\u0131 \u015eartt\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeytan\u0131n yalan s\u00f6ylemesi \u015fartt\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan avantaj sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00c7KP bu s\u0131n\u0131fa \u201cen geli\u015fmi\u015f s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d, \u201ckendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyen s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d, \u201cyol g\u00f6steren s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d, ve \u201cproletarya devriminin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri\u201d unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Kom\u00fcnist Parti k\u00f6yl\u00fclere ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funda \u201ck\u00f6yl\u00fclere toprak\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc vermi\u015ftir. Mao \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek k\u00f6yl\u00fclere alk\u0131\u015f tutmu\u015ftur; \u201cfakir k\u00f6yl\u00fcler olmadan devrim olmaz; k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin rol\u00fcn\u00fc inkar etmek devrimi inkar etmektir.\u201d [2] Kom\u00fcnist Parti kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131ftan yard\u0131m almak ihtiyac\u0131 duydu\u011funda onlar\u0131 \u201dproletarya devriminde gezgin yolda\u015flar\u201d olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve onlara \u201cdemokratik cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc vermi\u015ftir. Kom\u00fcnist Parti KMT taraf\u0131ndan neredeyse yok edilme safhas\u0131na getirildi\u011finde onlara \u201c\u00c7inliler \u00c7inlilerle sava\u015fmaz\u201d \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcksek sesle yapm\u0131\u015f ve onlara KMT liderli\u011fine tabii olma s\u00f6z\u00fc vermi\u015ftir. Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f (1937-1945) sona erdi\u011finde \u00c7KP, KMT\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 var g\u00fcc\u00fcyle cephe alm\u0131\u015f ve onlar\u0131n iktidar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde \u00c7KP, \u00c7in\u2019in kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc eline ge\u00e7irdikten sonra kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 elimine etmi\u015f, sonunda k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve i\u015f\u00e7ileri be\u015f paras\u0131z proletaryaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birle\u015fmi\u015f cephe nosyonu \u00c7KP\u2019nin s\u00f6yledi\u011fi yalanlar\u0131n tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. KMT\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131 kazanmak i\u00e7in \u00c7KP, arazi sahiplerinin ve zengin k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin t\u00fcm aile fertlerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrme genel takti\u011finden vazge\u00e7mi\u015f, arazi sahipleri ve zengin k\u00f6yl\u00fcler gibi s\u0131n\u0131f d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 ile \u201cge\u00e7ici birle\u015fme politikas\u0131n\u0131\u201d benimsemi\u015ftir. 20 Temmuz 1947\u2019de Mao Zedong \u201cD\u00fc\u015fmanca unsurlar\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in arazi sahibi olan s\u0131n\u0131fa kar\u015f\u0131 reaksiyon g\u00f6steren birka\u00e7 \u00f6\u011fe hari\u00e7 daha dingin bir tav\u0131r tak\u0131nmal\u0131y\u0131z\u2026\u201d diye bildirimde bulunmu\u015ftur. Ancak \u00c7KP iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011finde arazi sahipleri ve zengin k\u00f6yl\u00fcler soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan ka\u00e7amam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti i\u00e7in s\u00f6yledi\u011fi bir \u015feyin tersini yapmak \u00e7ok normal idi. \u00c7KP demokratik taraflar\u0131 kullanmak ihtiyac\u0131 duydu\u011funda b\u00fct\u00fcn taraflar\u0131 \u201cUzun s\u00fcreli bir arada ya\u015famak i\u00e7in \u00e7abalamak, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 denetim, birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 samimi olmak ve onur ile utanc\u0131 payla\u015fmak\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015ftir. Partinin kavramlar\u0131, kelimeleri, eylemleri veya organizasyonu ile hem fikir olmayanlar ve bunlara uymay\u0131 reddedenler elimine edilmi\u015ftir. Marx, Lenin ve \u00c7KP liderlerinin hepsi Kom\u00fcnist Parti siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fka ki\u015filer veya gruplarla payla\u015f\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 her zaman s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir. Kom\u00fcnizm en ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck genlerini kendisiyle birlikte ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7KP despot ve d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Ne iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme giri\u015fimleri esnas\u0131nda ne de iktidar\u0131 eline ge\u00e7irdikten sonra ba\u015fka hi\u00e7 bir parti veya grupla samimi bir \u015fekilde birlikte bir arada var olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6zde \u201cgev\u015fek\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan s\u00fcre\u00e7te bile \u00c7KP\u2019nin di\u011ferleriyle birlikte mevcudiyeti kareografik bir performanstan \u00f6teye ge\u00e7memi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih bize, \u00c7KP\u2019nin verdi\u011fi hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6ze inanmamam\u0131z\u0131 ve \u00c7KP\u2019ye vaat etti\u011fi taahh\u00fctleri yerine getirmek konusunda g\u00fcvenmememiz gerekti\u011fini anlat\u0131r. Hangi konuda olursa olsun Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin herhangi bir konuda s\u00f6z\u00fcne inanmak demek birinin can\u0131na mal olacak bir \u015feye inanmak demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras Kalan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00d6zellik: Tahrik\u2013B\u00fcy\u00fck Bir Beceriyle Nefreti K\u00f6r\u00fcklemek ve Kitleler Aras\u0131nda M\u00fccadeleyi Te\u015fvik Etmek<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aldatma nefreti te\u015fvik etmeye hizmet eder. M\u00fccadele nefrete dayan\u0131r. Nefret mevcut de\u011filse bile yarat\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in k\u0131rsal kesimlerinde derin k\u00f6klere sahip ataerkil klan sistemi, Kom\u00fcnist Partinin iktidar\u0131 eline ge\u00e7irmesinde temel bir engel olarak rol alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131rsal toplum asl\u0131nda  uyumlu idi ve arazi sahipleri ile arazi kiralayanlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki tamamen birbirlerini kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirecek cinsten de\u011fildi. Arazi sahipleri k\u00f6yl\u00fclere ya\u015famak i\u00e7in bir yol sunuyorlard\u0131 ve buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak da k\u00f6yl\u00fcler de arazi sahiplerini destekliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 birbirine dayal\u0131 ili\u015fki, \u00c7KP taraf\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve s\u0131n\u0131f s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Uyum kin, nefret ve m\u00fccadeleye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Makul olan makul olmayan, d\u00fczen koas, cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik despotluk haline getirildi.  Kom\u00fcnist Parti kamula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131, para i\u00e7in \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi ve arazi sahiplerinin, zengin k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, bunlar\u0131n aile ve a\u015firetlerinin katlini te\u015fvik etti. Bir \u00e7ok k\u00f6yl\u00fc ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n arazilerini, m\u00fclklerini almak istemedi. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00fcnd\u00fcz arazi sahiplerinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gayrimenkulleri gece geri iade ettiler ancak k\u0131rsalda bulunan \u00c7KP \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma tak\u0131mlar\u0131nca \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f bilin\u00e7leri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\u201d diye ele\u015ftirildiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131 kini te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in \u00c7KP, \u00c7in tiyatrolar\u0131n\u0131 bir propaganda aletine indirgedi. \u0130yi bilinen bir s\u0131n\u0131f bask\u0131s\u0131 hikayesi olan Beyaz Sa\u00e7l\u0131 K\u0131z [3], temelinde \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz bir kad\u0131n hakk\u0131nda olup s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey i\u00e7ermiyordu. Askeri yazarlar\u0131n kalemleri ile s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131 kini te\u015fvik eden \u201cmodern\u201d dramaya, operaya ve baleye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Japonya II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 esnas\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019i istila etti\u011finde \u00c7KP Japon askerleri ile sava\u015fmad\u0131. Bunun yerine KMT h\u00fck\u00fcmetine, Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmay\u0131p \u00fclkeye ihanet etmekle su\u00e7layarak sald\u0131rd\u0131. Ulusal facian\u0131n en kritik noktas\u0131nda bile halk\u0131 KMT h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 gelmeleri i\u00e7in te\u015fvik etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitleleri bir di\u011feriyle m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fmeye te\u015fvik etmek \u00c7KP\u2019nin klasikle\u015fmi\u015f bir hilesidir. \u00c7KP, s\u0131n\u0131f tayin edilmesinin 95:5 form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc yaratt\u0131, bu form\u00fclde n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 95\u2019i kazan\u0131lacak s\u0131n\u0131flar olarak tayin edilecek y\u00fczde 5\u2019i ise s\u0131n\u0131f d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 olarak ilan edilecekti. Y\u00fczde 95 i\u00e7inde bulunan halk g\u00fcvenilir idi ancak y\u00fczde 5\u2019in i\u00e7inde bulunanlar \u201cm\u00fccadele\u201d edilmesi gereken s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131. Korkudan ve kendilerini koruma gereksiniminden halk y\u00fczde 95 i\u00e7ine dahil olmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck u\u011fra\u015f verdi. Bu da bir \u00e7ok vakada insanlar\u0131n ba\u015fka insanlara zarar vermeleri ve hatta yaralamalar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furdu. \u00c7KP siyasi hareketlerinin bir\u00e7o\u011funda k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmay\u0131 kullanmak suretiyle bu tekni\u011fi m\u00fckemmelle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras Kalan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00d6zellik: Toplumun Y\u00fcz Karalar\u0131n\u0131n Tasmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7\u0131kartmak \u2013 K\u00fclhanbeyi ve Sosyal Y\u00fcz Karalar\u0131 \u00c7KP Y\u00fcksek Mevkilerini Olu\u015fturur<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumun y\u00fcz karalar\u0131n\u0131n tasmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartmak k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc do\u011furur ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn de toplumun y\u00fcz karalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Kom\u00fcnist devrimler s\u0131k s\u0131k k\u00fclhanbeylerin ve sosyal y\u00fcz karalar\u0131n\u0131n ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cParis Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d toplumun y\u00fcz karalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan idare edilen cinayet, kundak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve \u015fiddete bula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marx bile \u201cl\u00fcmpen (e\u011fitimsiz) proletarya”ya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layarak bakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [4] Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019da, Marx \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir, \u201cEski toplumun en alt tabakas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnden silkip att\u0131\u011f\u0131 pasif olarak \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen kalabal\u0131k olan ‘Tehlikeli s\u0131n\u0131f’, toplum y\u00fcz karalar\u0131,  orada ve burada, bir proletarya devrimi ile harekete kat\u0131labilir, yine de, onun hayat \u015fartlar\u0131, onu daha \u00e7ok gerici dalgan\u0131n r\u00fc\u015fvet ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir arac\u0131 olarak haz\u0131rlar.” Di\u011fer yandan b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeleri ve cehaletleri nedeniyle k\u00f6yl\u00fcler Marx ve Engels taraf\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7in yeterli bulunmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, Marx\u2019\u0131n teorilerinin karanl\u0131k taraflar\u0131n\u0131 daha da geli\u015ftirdi. Mao Zedong \u201cSosyal y\u00fczkaralar\u0131 ve k\u00fclhanbeyleri toplum taraf\u0131ndan her zaman reddedilmi\u015ftir lakin bunlar devrimin k\u0131rsal kesiminde ger\u00e7ekte en cesur, en direkt ve en sa\u011flam duran kesim olmu\u015ftur\u201d demi\u015ftir. [2] L\u00fcmpen proletarya \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve Kom\u00fcnist Partinin k\u0131rsal kesimde ilk siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. \u00c7in literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u201cdevrim\u201d demek \u201ccan almak\u201d demektir ki, bu t\u00fcm iyi insanlara korkun\u00e7 ve felaket anlam\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir. Buna ra\u011fmen parti \u201cdevrimi\u201d m\u00fcspet anlaml\u0131 olarak a\u015f\u0131layabilmi\u015ftir. Benzer olarak K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi esnas\u0131nda \u201cl\u00fcmpen proletarya\u201d teriminin bir m\u00fcnazaras\u0131 esnas\u0131nda \u00c7KP \u201cl\u00fcmpen\u201d kelimesinin kula\u011fa ho\u015f gelmedi\u011fini hissetmi\u015f ve bu terimin yerine basit\u00e7e \u201cproletarya\u201d terimini koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumun y\u00fczkaralar\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 da haydudu oynamakt\u0131r. Diktat\u00f6r olarak ele\u015ftirildiklerinde Parti g\u00f6revlileri zorbal\u0131\u011fa e\u011filimlerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flar ve utanmadan \u015fu sat\u0131rlara benzer telaffuzlarda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r, \u201cDo\u011frusunuz bizim yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kesinlikle budur. Ge\u00e7en y\u0131llar boyunca biriken \u00c7in deneyimi bizlerin bu demokratik diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uygulamam\u0131z\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Biz buna \u2018halk\u0131n demokratik otokrasisi\u2019 diyoruz.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras Kalan Be\u015finci \u00d6zellik: \u0130spiyonculuk \u2013 Aralar\u0131na S\u0131z, Anla\u015fmazl\u0131k Ek, Par\u00e7ala-Da\u011f\u0131t ve Yenisini Yerle\u015ftir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aldatmak, \u015fiddeti k\u00f6r\u00fcklemek, toplumun y\u00fcz karalar\u0131na g\u00f6rev vermenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ispiyonculuk ve anla\u015fmazl\u0131k ekmek teknikleri de \u00c7KP taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131ca kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7KP, s\u0131zma, gizlice sokulma hususunda da yetenekliydi. Onlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00c7KP\u2019nin en ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 gizli ajan\u0131 Qian Zhuangfei, Li Kenong ve Hu Beifeng, ger\u00e7ekte \u00c7KP Merkez Komitesi Casusluk B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u0130kinci \u015eubesi M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Chen Geng i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Qian Zhuangfei, KMT Merkez Komitesi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma B\u00fcrosu direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Xu Enzeng\u2019in g\u00fcvenilir ikinci adam\u0131 ve \u00f6zel sekreteri olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Jiangxi ilindeki \u00c7KP askerlerini \u00e7embere almak i\u00e7in KMT\u2019nin birinci ve ikinci stratejik planlar\u0131n\u0131 KMT Merkez Komitesi Organizasyon Departman\u0131’n\u0131n dahili postas\u0131 ile Li Kenong\u2019a g\u00f6ndermi\u015f, Li Kenong da bunlar\u0131 Zhou Enlai\u2019ya (Chou En-lai olarak da yaz\u0131l\u0131r) elden teslim etmi\u015ftir. [5]. 1930 Nisan\u2019\u0131nda KMT\u2019n\u0131n Merkezi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u015eubesi taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen ve iki tarafla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan (ikili) \u00f6zel ajan te\u015fkilat\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in Kuzeydo\u011fu b\u00f6lgesinde kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu y\u00fczeyde KMT\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 ve Quan Zhuangfei taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen bir te\u015fkilatt\u0131 ancak perde arkas\u0131nda \u00c7KP taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilmi\u015f ve Chen Geng  taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li Kenong ayr\u0131ca kriptografist (\u015fifreli yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131c\u0131) olarak KMT Ordu Karargah\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Li, \u00c7KP Gizil Servis B\u00fcrosu Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc olan ve Gu Shunzhang’\u0131n ayaklanma ba\u015flatmas\u0131 ve tutuklanmas\u0131 ile ilgili [6] acil mesaj\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Qian Zhuangfei \u015fifresi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclen mesaj\u0131 derhal Zhou Enlai\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve bu suretle bir \u00e7ok casusun polis ku\u015fatmas\u0131nda yakalanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yang Dengying, \u015eanghay\u2019daki KMT Merkezi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma B\u00fcrosu\u2019nun kom\u00fcnist-yanl\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6zel temsilcisiydi. \u00c7KP ona, \u00c7KP\u2019nin g\u00fcvenilmeyen parti \u00fcyelerini tutuklamas\u0131n\u0131 ve infaz etmesini emretmi\u015ftir. Bir zamanlar parti kadrosunu g\u00fccendiren Henan \u0130lindeki \u00fcst d\u00fczey bir \u00c7KP g\u00f6revlisi bir keresinde bir parti kurmay kadrosunu rencide etti ve bu y\u00fczden kendi etraf\u0131ndaki ki\u015filer onu y\u0131llar boyu KMT hapishanesinde tutmak i\u00e7in bir tak\u0131m ipleri \u00e7ekmi\u015flerdir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 [7], boyunca \u00c7KP, Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019in (JiangJieshi olarak da an\u0131l\u0131r) [8] de \u00e7ok yak\u0131n\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu gizli bir ajan yerle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Korgeneral ve Savunma Bakan\u0131 M\u00fcste\u015far\u0131 Liu Pei, KMT ordusunun sevkiyat\u0131ndan sorumluydu. Ger\u00e7ekte Liu \u00c7KP gizli ajan\u0131yd\u0131. KMT ordusu bir sonraki g\u00f6revlerini \u00f6\u011frenmeden \u00f6nce, planlanm\u0131\u015f askeri konu\u015flanma hakk\u0131ndaki bilgiler Yanan\u2019daki \u00c7KP karargah\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olurdu. Buna uygun olarak, Kom\u00fcnist Parti bir savunma plan\u0131 olu\u015ftururdu. Hu Zongnan\u2019\u0131n [9] sekreteri ve g\u00fcvendi\u011fi birinci adam\u0131 olan Xiong Xianghui, Hu\u2019nun Yanan\u2019\u0131 basma ve istila etme plan\u0131n\u0131 Zhou Enlai\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Hu Zongnan ve silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri Yanan\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda buras\u0131 \u00f6nceden bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir keresinde Zhou Enlai, \u201cBa\u015fkan Mao, Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019in askeri emirleri daha Chiang\u2019\u0131n ordu komutan\u0131na ula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce bunlar\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu biliyordu\u201d demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras Kalan Alt\u0131nc\u0131 \u00d6zellik\u2014Hile veya \u015eiddet ile Ya\u011fmalaman\u0131n \u201cYeni D\u00fczen\u201d Haline Gelmesi <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin elde etti\u011fi her \u015fey \u00e7alma \u00e7\u0131rpma ile elde edilmi\u015ftir. H\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla kurmak i\u00e7in K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019yu bir araya toplad\u0131klar\u0131nda silah, cephane, g\u0131da ve giysi i\u00e7in paraya gereksinim duydular. \u00c7KP, y\u00f6resel zorbalar\u0131 sindirerek ve bankalar\u0131 soyarak yani tam bir haydut gibi davranarak fon temin etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u00fcst d\u00fczey liderlerinden biri olan Li Xiannian [10], taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen \u00f6zel bir g\u00f6revde K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu, Bat\u0131 Hubei b\u00f6lgesindeki il\u00e7elerde ya\u015fayan en zengin aileleri ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sadece bir ki\u015fiyi de\u011fil klandaki her zengin ailenin bir ferdini ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lanlar, fidye olarak ailelerinin orduya daimi parasal destek sa\u011flamas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hayatta kalabilmi\u015flerdir. Rehineler, K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu tatmin olana ya da ailelerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn parasal kaynaklar\u0131 kuruyana kadar serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ve \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu da \u00f6lmek \u00fczerelerken serbest kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele ve i\u015fkence g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir ki evlerine geri d\u00f6nemeden ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cY\u00f6resel zorbalar\u0131n \u00fczerine giderek ve bunlar\u0131n arazilerine el koyarak\u201d \u00c7KP ya\u011fmalama hilelerini ve \u015fiddetini t\u00fcm topluma yay\u0131lacak \u015fekilde artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, geleneklerin yerine \u201cyeni d\u00fczeni\u201d koymu\u015ftur. Kom\u00fcnist Parti ister b\u00fcy\u00fck ister k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck her nevi hastal\u0131kl\u0131 eylemin b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6ntemlerine ba\u015fvurmu\u015f ve hi\u00e7bir iyilik yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131na, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck l\u00fctuflarda bulunmu\u015ftur. Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u015fefkat, sevecenlik, fazilet ve erdem tamamen yok olmu\u015f bunun yerini \u00e7eki\u015fme, kavga ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cKom\u00fcnist \u00fctopya\u201d ger\u00e7ekte \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren ya\u011fmac\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in yumu\u015fak bir terim, bir \u00f6rtmecedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras kalan Yedinci \u00d6zellik: Kavga \u2014 Ulusal Sistemi, Geleneksel S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ve D\u00fczeni Yok Eder<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aldatma, te\u015fvik etme, sosyal y\u00fcz karalar\u0131n\u0131 sal\u0131verme ve ispiyonculu\u011fun hepsi \u00e7alma ve sava\u015fma ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7indir. Kom\u00fcnist felsefesi sava\u015fmay\u0131 te\u015fvik eder. Kom\u00fcnist devrimi kesinlikle sadece organize olmam\u0131\u015f d\u00f6vme, par\u00e7alama ve \u00e7almadan ibaret de\u011fildi. Mao, \u201cK\u00f6yl\u00fclerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ana hedefleri mahalli zorbalar, k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00fcksek s\u0131n\u0131f ve kanunsuz arazi sahipleridir, ancak bu ge\u00e7i\u015fte her nevi ataerkil d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere ve kurumlara, \u015fehirlerdeki yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f memurlara ve k\u0131rsal kesimdeki k\u00f6t\u00fc uygulamalara ve gelenek g\u00f6reneklere de sald\u0131r\u0131rlar\u201d [2] demi\u015ftir. Mao a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a geleneksel sistemin ve k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgenin tamam\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesi talimat\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist kavga, silahl\u0131 kuvvetleri ve silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi de i\u00e7erir. \u201cDevrim ak\u015fam yeme\u011fi partisi, deneme yazmak, ya\u011fl\u0131boya resim yapmak, nak\u0131\u015f i\u015flemek de\u011fildir, o bu kadar rafine, bu kadar e\u011flenceli ve nazik, bu kadar \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131, iyi kalpli, ince, sakin, kendine hakim ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 olamaz. Devrim bir ayaklanmad\u0131r, bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 devirdi\u011fi bir \u015fiddet eylemidir.\u201d [2] \u00c7KP g\u00fc\u00e7 ile devleti ve iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek istedi\u011finde sava\u015fma yolunu kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l sonra B\u00fcy\u00fck K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi esnas\u0131nda \u00c7KP bir sonraki nesli \u201ce\u011fitmek\u201d i\u00e7in de sava\u015fman\u0131n ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras kalan sekizinci \u00d6zellik: Yok Etme \u2014 Tam Bir Soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u0130deolojisinin \u0130n\u015fas\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizm mutlak zalimlikle bir \u00e7ok \u015fey yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7KP entelekt\u00fcellere \u201cd\u00fcnyada cennet\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc vermi\u015ftir. Sonradan bunlar\u0131 \u201csa\u011fc\u0131\u201d diye fi\u015fleyerek arazi sahipleri ve casuslarla birlikte zul\u00fcm g\u00f6recek me\u015fhur dokuzuncu kategoriye [11] sokmu\u015ftur. Arazi sahipleri ve kapitalistlerin ellerinden mal ve m\u00fclklerini alm\u0131\u015f, arazi sahibi ve zengin k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc kurutmu\u015f, k\u0131rsal kesimde kademe ve d\u00fczeni yok etmi\u015f, y\u00f6resel \u015fahsiyetlerin yetkilerini ellerinden alm\u0131\u015f, zengin ki\u015fileri ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve bunlardan r\u00fc\u015fvet alm\u0131\u015f, sava\u015f mahkumlar\u0131n\u0131n, \u201creformcu\u201d sanayici ve sermaye sahiplerinin beynini y\u0131kam\u0131\u015f, KMT i\u00e7ine s\u0131zm\u0131\u015f ve onu par\u00e7alayarak da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015f, Kom\u00fcnist Enternasyonel\u2019den ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 1949\u2019da iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra birbirini takip eden siyasi eylemlerle t\u00fcm muhalifleri ay\u0131klay\u0131p, temizlemi\u015f ve kendi \u00fcyelerini bile bask\u0131 ile tehdit etmi\u015ftir. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 her \u015fey ile geriye yap\u0131lacak bir \u015fey b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da bahsi ge\u00e7en olaylar\u0131n hepsi \u00c7KP soyk\u0131r\u0131m teorisine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Onun ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu her siyasi hareket, soyk\u0131r\u0131m amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcden ter\u00f6r kampanyas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7KP, kendisinin s\u0131n\u0131f, devrim, m\u00fccadele, \u015fiddet, diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck, hareketler ve siyasi partiler teorilerinin bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olarak kurulu\u015funun ilk safhalar\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n teorik sistemini in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu teori ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kucaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn deneyimleri kapsayarak a\u015far ve onun \u00e7e\u015fitli soyk\u0131r\u0131ma y\u00f6nelik  uygulamalar\u0131 yoluyla biriktirilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ifadesi bilincin ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin yok edilmesidir. Bu yolla \u201cter\u00f6r saltanat\u0131\u201d \u00c7KP\u2019nin temel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na hizmet eder. \u00c7KP sadece kendine kar\u015f\u0131 olan\u0131 yok etmez, onun taraf\u0131nda olan\u0131 bile yok edebilir. O yok edilmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc her \u015feyi yok eder. Sonu\u00e7ta herkes ter\u00f6r g\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015far ve \u00c7KP\u2018den korkar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras Kalan Dokuzuncu \u00d6zellik: Kontrol \u2014 Partinin Tamam\u0131n\u0131 ve Ard\u0131ndan da Toplumun Geri Kalan\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etmek i\u00e7in Parti Do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 Kullanmak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zellikler tek bir hedefi elde etmeyi ama\u00e7lar: ter\u00f6r kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile halk\u0131 kontrol etmek. \u015eeytani eylemleri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla \u00c7KP kendisinin mevcut t\u00fcm sosyal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7KP, ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan beri bir krizden di\u011ferine m\u00fccadele etmi\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda hayatta kalabilme krizi en kritik olan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7KP varolu\u015funun devam\u0131 konusunda s\u00fcrekli bir korku durumu i\u00e7erisindedir. Onun tek amac\u0131 mevcudiyetini ve iktidar\u0131n\u0131 korumak olmu\u015ftur -kendisinin en y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131. Azalan g\u00fcc\u00fcne destek vermek i\u00e7in \u00c7KP d\u00fczenli olarak daha da k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00f6nlemlere ba\u015fvurmak zorundad\u0131r. Partinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 herhangi bir Parti \u00fcyesinin veya bireyin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 de\u011fildir. Daha ziyade bireyin t\u00fcm hislerine \u00fcst\u00fcn gelen ve kolektif bir te\u015fkilat olarak Partinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cParti do\u011fas\u0131\u201d bu k\u00f6t\u00fc hayaletin en gaddar ve tehlikeli \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. Parti do\u011fas\u0131 insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 tamam\u0131yla \u00f6yle ezer ve bast\u0131r\u0131r ki, \u00c7in halk\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; bir zamanlar Zhou Enlai ve Sun Bingwen yolda\u015ft\u0131lar. Sun Bingwen \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra Zhou Enlai onun k\u0131z\u0131, Sun Weishi’yi evlatl\u0131k olarak ald\u0131. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi esnas\u0131nda Sun Weishi k\u0131nand\u0131. Sonradan bu kad\u0131n nezarette iken kafas\u0131na uzun bir \u00e7ivi sokularak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Onun tutuklama emri, babal\u0131\u011f\u0131 Zhou Enlai taraf\u0131ndan imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin ilk liderlerinden biri de Japonya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 olan sava\u015fta afyon sat\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sorumlu Ren Bishi idi. Britanyal\u0131lar, \u00c7in ekonomisini s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in afyon ithalat\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131p \u00c7inlileri de ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, o d\u00f6nemde afyon yabanc\u0131 istilas\u0131n\u0131n bir sembol\u00fcyd\u00fc.  Afyona kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ulusal hassasiyet olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Ren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc “Parti do\u011fas\u0131 hissiyat\u0131” sebebiyle evrensel k\u0131nanma riskini g\u00f6ze alarak, b\u00fcy\u00fck alanlarda afyon ekimi yap\u0131lmas\u0131na cesaret etti. Afyon ticaretinin hassas ve yasalara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle \u00c7KP, afyon i\u00e7in \u201csabun\u201d takma ad\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131. \u00c7KP, kendi mevcudiyetini finanse edebilmek i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r \u00fclkeleriyle yap\u0131lan gayri-yasal afyon ticaretinden gelen geliri kulland\u0131. Ren\u2019in do\u011fumunun y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde yeni nesil \u00c7in liderlerinden biri \u201cRen \u00fcst\u00fcn bir karaktere haizdi ve \u00f6rnek bir Parti \u00fcyesiydi. O ayr\u0131ca Kom\u00fcnizme tam anlam\u0131yla inan\u0131yordu ve Parti’nin varolu\u015f nedenine s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131maz bir \u015fekilde sad\u0131kt\u0131.\u201d diyerek Ren\u2019in Parti i\u00e7in do\u011fal yetene\u011fini veya Parti do\u011fas\u0131 hissiyat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6vm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parti i\u00e7in uygun olanlara iyi bir \u00f6rnek de Zhang Side\u2019dir. Parti bu ki\u015finin ani f\u0131r\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesiyle \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bildirmesine ra\u011fmen ba\u015fkalar\u0131 afyon kavururken \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iddia etmi\u015flerdir. Sakin bir insan oldu\u011fundan, Merkezi Koruma T\u00fcmeninde g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve hi\u00e7bir zaman terfi talep etmedi\u011finden, \u201c\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc Taishan Da\u011f\u0131ndan da a\u011f\u0131r oldu.” [12]  denmi\u015ftir. Bunun anlam\u0131, onun ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nemi oldu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parti do\u011fas\u0131na ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek olan Lei Feng, \u201cDevrim makinesinde hi\u00e7bir zaman paslanmayan vida.\u201d olarak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hem Lei hem de Zhang uzun bir s\u00fcre boyunca \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131 Parti’ye sad\u0131k kalmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in e\u011fitmeleri konusunda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.  Mao Zedong \u201c\u00f6rneklerin g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zd\u0131r\u201d demi\u015ftir. Bir \u00e7ok Parti kahraman\u0131 \u201cdemir iradeyi ve Parti ruhunun prensibini\u201d modellemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra \u00c7KP, gelecek nesillerden bir \u00e7ok yeni \u201cvida\u201d ve \u201calet\u201d \u00e7\u0131kartmak i\u00e7in agresif bir beyin kontrol\u00fc kampanyas\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Parti, bir tak\u0131m \u201cdo\u011fru d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler\u201d ve \u00e7e\u015fitli basmakal\u0131p davran\u0131\u015flar olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu protokoller ilk olarak Parti i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ancak \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde t\u00fcm halka benimsetilmi\u015ftir. Ulus i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc verilen bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve davran\u0131\u015flar, insanlar\u0131n \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u015feytani mekanizmas\u0131na uymalar\u0131 i\u00e7in beyinlerini y\u0131kamak konusunda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

******************<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. \u00c7KP\u2019nin Onursuz Temeli<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, zafer \u00fcst\u00fcne zaferlerin kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 parlak bir tarihi iddia eder. Bu sadece  kendini g\u00fczel g\u00f6sterme ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcndeki  g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00fcceltmek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir giri\u015fimdir. Ger\u00e7ekte ise \u00c7KP\u2019nin reklam\u0131n\u0131 yapaca\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir y\u00fcceli\u011fi yoktur. Sadece miras kalan dokuz \u015feytani \u00f6zelli\u011fi kullanarak g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturup muhafaza edebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin Kurulu\u015fu\u2014Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Ba\u011fr\u0131nda Yeti\u015fti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEkim Devrimi esnas\u0131ndaki ilk \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fman\u0131n raporu bize Marksizm ve Leninizm\u2019i getirdi\u201d. Parti halka kendini b\u00f6yle resmetti. Ancak, Parti ilk olarak kuruldu\u011funda sadece Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Asya \u015fubesiydi. Parti ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan beri vatan haini olma \u00f6zelliklerine haizdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Partinin kurulu\u015f d\u00f6nemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 paras\u0131 yoktu, ideolojisi yoktu, deneyimi de yoktu. Kendilerini destekleyecek bir temelleri de yoktu. \u00c7KP, kaderini \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren devrime ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in Komintern\u2019e kat\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren devrimi sadece Marx ve Lenin devriminin devam\u0131yd\u0131. Komintern t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda siyasal g\u00fc\u00e7leri devirecek k\u00fcresel merkezdi, \u00c7KP ise Rus K\u0131z\u0131l Ordusu\u2019nun emperyalizmini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Sovyet Kom\u00fcnizmi’nin sadece do\u011fu \u015fubesiydi. \u00c7KP, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin \u015fiddet kullanarak iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme deneyimini ve proleterya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc payla\u015ft\u0131 ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin siyasi, entelekt\u00fcel ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00e7izgileri \u00fczerindeki talimatlar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirdi. \u00c7KP, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 denetim ve kontrol \u00f6nlemlerini benimseyerek yabanc\u0131 yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir te\u015fkilat\u0131n hayatta kalabilmesini sa\u011flayan gizli, yer alt\u0131 metotlar\u0131n\u0131 kopya etti. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, \u00c7KP\u2019nin belkemi\u011fi ve hamisiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Komintern taraf\u0131ndan form\u00fcle edilen Marksizm ve Leninizm, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi, proleterya ve parti te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dayanan \u00c7KP anayasas\u0131, ilk \u00c7KP Kongresinde kabul edildi. Bu anayasan\u0131n esaslar\u0131 Sovyet Parti anayasas\u0131ndan al\u0131nd\u0131. \u00c7KP\u2019nin ruhu Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden ithal edilen ideolojiden ibarettir. \u00c7KP\u2019nin en ba\u015fta gelen memurlar\u0131ndan biri olan Chen Duxiu, Komintern temsilcisi Maring\u2019inkinden daha de\u011fi\u015fik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere sahipti. Maring, Chen\u2019e bir not yazarak e\u011fer Chen ger\u00e7ek bir Kom\u00fcnist Parti \u00fcyesi ise Komintern\u2019in emirlerine uymas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fart oldu\u011funu belirtti. \u00c7KP\u2019nin kurucu liderlerinden biri olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Chen Duxiu bile emirleri dinleyip bunlara itaat etmekten ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapam\u0131yordu. Hakikatte o ve Parti basit\u00e7e Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne tabiiydiler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1923\u2019de \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kongresinde, Chen Duxiu kamuoyu \u00f6n\u00fcnde Parti’nin tamamen Sovyet Komintern fonlar\u0131yla ayakta durdu\u011funu beyan etti. Bir sene boyunca Komintern \u00c7KP\u2019ye 200,000 Yuan\u2019dan fazla para yard\u0131m\u0131 yapt\u0131 ancak tatmin edici sonu\u00e7lar alamad\u0131. Komintern \u00c7KP\u2019yi yeteri kadar \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermemekle su\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Parti belgelerindeki tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f istatistiklere g\u00f6re \u00c7KP Ekim 1921 \u2013 Haziran 1922 tarihleri aras\u0131nda 16,655 \u00c7in yuan\u0131 ald\u0131. 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1.500 $ ve 31.927,17 yuan, 1927’de de 187.674 yuan ald\u0131. Komintern\u2019in ayda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131 ortalama 20,000 yuan\u0131 buluyordu. \u00c7KP taraf\u0131ndan \u015fu anda kullan\u0131lan lobicilik, arka kap\u0131dan girme, r\u00fc\u015fvet verme, tehdit etme gibi taktikler o g\u00fcnlerde de kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Komintern, \u00c7KP\u2019yi fon tedarik etmek i\u00e7in durmadan lobicilik (kulis) yapmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOnlar de\u011fi\u015fik fon kaynaklar\u0131ndan fon bulma avantaj\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yorlar (Uluslararas\u0131 Kom\u00fcnikasyon Ofisi, Komintern temsilcileri ve askeri kurulu\u015flar v.s.), \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir kurulu\u015f di\u011fer kurulu\u015fun bunlara fon temin etti\u011fini bilmiyor\u2026 komik olan ise, bunlar sadece Sovyet yolda\u015flar\u0131n psikolojisini anlamakla kalm\u0131yorlar. En \u00f6nemlisi bunlar fon vermekten sorumlu farkl\u0131 yolda\u015flar\u0131n hepsine nas\u0131l davran\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 biliyorlar. Fonu normal yollardan alamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131klar\u0131nda toplant\u0131lar\u0131 geciktiriyorlar. Sonunda taban \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinde g\u00f6revli memurlar\u0131n Sovyetlerle z\u0131tla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve paran\u0131n \u00c7KP yerine yerel sava\u015f beylerine verildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylentilerini yayarak en kaba \u015fantaj yollar\u0131na ba\u015fvuruyorlar.\u201d [13]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk KMT ve \u00c7KP \u0130ttifak\u0131\u2014Bir Parazit \u00c7ekirde\u011fe S\u0131zar ve Kuzey Seferini Sabote Eder <\/strong>[14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP her zaman halka, Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019in Ulusal Devrim Hareketine ihanet etti\u011fini [15] ve \u00c7KP\u2019yi silahl\u0131 devrime zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekte ise \u00c7KP, bir parazit ya da musallat olmu\u015f bir hayalettir. Ulusal devrimden yararlanarak kendi etkisini geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in ilk KMT-\u00c7KP ittifak\u0131nda KMT ile dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ersine girmi\u015ftir. Bundan \u00f6te \u00c7KP, Sovyet destekli devrimi ba\u015flatmak ve iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok sab\u0131rs\u0131z davranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve iktidar h\u0131rs\u0131 asl\u0131nda Ulusal Devrim Hareketini yok etmi\u015f ve bu harekete ihanet etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin Temmuz 1922\u2019deki \u0130kinci Ulusal Kongresinde parti \u00fcyelerinin iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in sab\u0131rs\u0131z olmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 KMT ile ittifaka kar\u015f\u0131 olanlar kongreye hakim olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak Komintern kongrede al\u0131nan karar\u0131 veto etmi\u015f ve \u00c7KP\u2019ye KMT\u2019ye kat\u0131l\u0131n emrini vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk KMT-\u00c7KP ittifak\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00c7KP D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Ulusal Kongresini Ocak 1925\u2019de \u015eangay’da yapm\u0131\u015f ve Sun Yat-sen [16] 12 Mart 1925\u2019de \u00f6lmeden \u00c7in’de kimin lider olaca\u011f\u0131 sorusu ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fer Sun Yat-sen \u00f6lmeseydi, \u00c7KP\u2019nin iktidar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ChianKai-Shek yerine aday g\u00f6sterilecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP KMT ile olan ittifak\u0131 esnas\u0131nda, Sovyetler Birli\u011finin de deste\u011fi ile KMT i\u00e7indeki siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fc ahlaks\u0131zca ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Tan Pingshan (1886-1956, Guangdong ilinde \u00c7KP\u2019nin ilk liderlerinden biri) KMT\u2019n\u0131n Merkezi Personel Biriminde, bakan olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sekreteri Feng Jupo (1899-1954, Guangdong ilinde \u00c7KP\u2019nin ilk liderlerinden biri), \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sekreteri olarak i\u015f\u00e7ilerle ilgili b\u00fct\u00fcn hususlarda yetkili ki\u015fi k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lin Zuhan (veya Lin Boqu, 1886-1960, ilk \u00c7KP \u00fcyelerinden) K\u00f6y \u0130\u015fleri Bakan\u0131, Peng Pai (1896-1929, \u00c7KP liderlerinden) ise bu bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sekreteri olmu\u015ftur. Mao Zedong ise KMT Propaganda Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n propaganda bakan vekilli\u011fini \u00fcstlenmi\u015fti. Askeri okullar ve askeri liderlik her zaman \u00c7KP\u2019nin ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur: Zhou Enlai, Huangpu (Whampoa) Askeri Akademisinde Siyaset B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015f ve Zhang Shenfu da (veya Zhang Songnian, 1893-1986, Zhou Enlai\u2019nin \u00c7KP\u2019ye kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00c7KP kurucular\u0131ndan) m\u00fcd\u00fcr yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. Zhou Enlai ayr\u0131ca Hakim Avukatlar B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmu\u015f ve Rus askeri dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 oraya buraya yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bir\u00e7ok kom\u00fcnist KMT askeri okullar\u0131nda siyasi e\u011fitmenlik k\u00fcrs\u00fclerinde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7KP \u00fcyeleri ayr\u0131ca Ulusal Devrim Ordusunun \u00e7e\u015fitli kademelerinde KMT parti temsilcileri olarak da hizmet vermi\u015ftir. [17] Parti temsilcisinin imzas\u0131 olmadan hi\u00e7bir emrin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giremeyece\u011fi de \u015fart ko\u015fulmu\u015ftur. Ulusal Devrim hareketine bu parazit \u015feklindeki yap\u0131\u015fma sonucu \u00c7KP \u00fcyelerinin say\u0131s\u0131 1925\u2019de 1000\u2019den az iken 1929\u2019de muazzam bir art\u0131\u015fla 30,000\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Seferi 1926 \u015eubat\u2019\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ekim 1926\u2019dan Mart 1927\u2019ye kadar \u00c7KP \u015eangay\u2019da \u00fc\u00e7 silahl\u0131 ayaklanma \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonradan Kuzey Seferi askeri karargah\u0131na sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ancak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmu\u015ftur. Guangdong ilinde genel grevin g\u00f6zc\u00fcleri polisle her g\u00fcn \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara girmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar KMT\u2019n\u0131n 21 Nisan 1927\u2019de \u00c7KP\u2019yi tasfiye etmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u011fustos 1927\u2019de KMT Devrim Ordusu\u2019ndaki \u00c7KP \u00fcyeleri Nanchang \u0130syan\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f ancak bu sald\u0131r\u0131 da \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7KP Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Changsha\u2019ya sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Sonbahar Hasat Ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f ancak bu sald\u0131r\u0131 da bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7KP, \u201cparti \u015fubelerinin orduda b\u00f6l\u00fck seviyesinde kurulmas\u0131\u201d i\u00e7in orduda bir kontrol a\u011f\u0131 kurmu\u015f ve Jiangxi \u0130lindeki Jinggangshan Da\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131na ka\u00e7\u0131p burada k\u0131rsal kesim idaresini olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. [19]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunan K\u00f6yl\u00fc Ayaklanmas\u0131\u2014Toplumun Y\u00fcz Karalar\u0131n\u0131n Ayaklanmaya Te\u015fvik Edilmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Seferi esnas\u0131nda Ulusal Devrim Ordusu yerel sava\u015f beyleriyle sava\u015f\u0131rken \u00c7KP, siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in ayaklanmalara \u00f6n ayak olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1927\u2019deki  Hunan K\u00f6yl\u00fc Ayaklanmas\u0131 toplumun y\u00fcz karalar\u0131 olan ayak tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ayaklanmas\u0131yd\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 iyi bilinen 1871 Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2014ilk kom\u00fcnist ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 gibi. O zaman Paris\u2019teki Frans\u0131z uyruklular ve yabanc\u0131lar Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn vizyonu olmayan bir grup y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 gezgin haydut oldu\u011funa \u015fahit olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Harika binalarda ve b\u00fcy\u00fck konaklarda ya\u015fay\u0131p \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz ve l\u00fcks yemekler yiyen bu insanlar anl\u0131k mutluluklar\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar ve gelece\u011fi hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemi\u015flerdir. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn ayaklanmas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda bas\u0131na sans\u00fcr uygulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Krala vaizler veren Paris Ba\u015fpiskoposu Georges Darboy\u2019u rehin alm\u0131\u015flar ve sonra da \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Sadece kendi zevkleri i\u00e7in 64 rahibi vah\u015fice \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fler, saraylar\u0131 yakm\u0131\u015flar, devlet dairelerini, \u00f6zel ikametgahlar\u0131, an\u0131tlar\u0131, abideleri ve kitabeleri yok etmi\u015flerdir. Frans\u0131z ba\u015fkentinin zenginlik ve g\u00fczellik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Avrupa\u2019da bir benzeri daha yoktu. Ancak Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc ayaklanmas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda binalar k\u00fcle insanlar iskelete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tarihte bu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir vah\u015fet ve zalimlik \u00e7ok az g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mao Zedong\u2019un kabul etti\u011fi gibi, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin k\u0131rsal kesimde bir nevi \u201cazg\u0131n\u201d olduklar\u0131 do\u011frudur. Yetkide \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck elinde oldu\u011fundan k\u00f6yl\u00fc derne\u011fi, arazi sahiplerinin bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemesine f\u0131rsat vermiyor ve onlar\u0131n prestijlerini al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bu, arazi sahiplerini bir toz zerresine  ufalt\u0131p orada kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak kadar ileri gidiyor. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, \u201csizi di\u011fer sicile [gericilerin sicili] koyaca\u011f\u0131z!\u201d diye tehdit ediyorlar. Y\u00f6resel zalimleri ve k\u00f6t\u00fc se\u00e7kinler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 cezaland\u0131r\u0131yorlar, onlardan katk\u0131, yard\u0131m talep ediyorlar, onlar\u0131n taht\u0131revanlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131p d\u00f6k\u00fcyorlar. \u0130nsanlar k\u00f6yl\u00fc derne\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 olan y\u00f6resel zalimlerin ve k\u00f6t\u00fc se\u00e7kinlerin evlerine gruplar halinde giriyor; onlar\u0131n domuzlar\u0131n\u0131 kesiyorlar, tah\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcketiyorlar. Hatta y\u00f6resel zalimlerin ve k\u00f6t\u00fc se\u00e7kinlerin evlerindeki gen\u00e7 bayanlar\u0131n fildi\u015fi-kakmal\u0131 yataklar\u0131na bir ka\u00e7 dakikal\u0131k da olsa tembel tembel uzan\u0131yorlar. En k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck provokasyonda tutuklamalar yap\u0131yorlar, tutuklad\u0131klar\u0131na uzun ka\u011f\u0131t \u015fapkalar giydiriyorlar ve onlar\u0131 k\u00f6yde \u201csizi gidi k\u00f6t\u00fc toprak sahipleri, \u015fimdi bizim ne oldu\u011fumuzu anlad\u0131n\u0131z!\u201d diyerek te\u015fhir ediyorlar. \u0130stedikleri her \u015feyi yap\u0131p her \u015feyi ters y\u00fcz ederken k\u0131rsal kesimde bir nevi ter\u00f6r estiriyorlar. [2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Mao bu gibi \u201cazg\u0131n\u201d eylemlere tam onay verdi ve bu konuda \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Dobra dobra s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, her k\u0131rsal kesimde bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in de olsa ter\u00f6r yaratmak gereklidir, aksi takdirde k\u0131rsal kesimde kar\u015f\u0131-devrimcilerin faaliyetlerini bast\u0131rmak veya \u00fcst tabakan\u0131n yetkilerini almak imkans\u0131zla\u015facakt\u0131r. Bir yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in do\u011fru s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r zira \u00f6b\u00fcr t\u00fcrl\u00fc yanl\u0131\u015flar d\u00fczeltilemez… Onlar\u0131n devrim hareketi esnas\u0131nda \u00e7ok ileri gittikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen  hareketleri ger\u00e7ekte devrimin gerektirdi\u011fi \u015feylerdir. “<\/em>[2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist devrimi bir ter\u00f6r sistemi yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cJapon Kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d Kuzey Operasyonu\u2014Yenilenlerin Ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, \u201cUzun Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d Japon kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 kuzey operasyonu olarak nitelemi\u015ftir. \u201cUzun Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u201d \u00c7inlinin devrim masal\u0131 olarak trampetlerle ilan etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7KP \u201cUzun Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u201d \u00c7KP\u2019nin zaferi, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n bozgunu ile biten bir \u201cmanifesto\u201d, bir \u201cpropaganda tak\u0131m\u0131\u201d ve bir \u201ctohum ekme makinesi\u201d oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in kuzeye y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fckleri gibi bariz yalanlar\u0131 kendi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rtbas etmek i\u00e7in \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Ekim 1933\u2019den Ocak 1934\u2019e kadar Kom\u00fcnist parti tam bir yenilgi i\u00e7inde olmu\u015ftur. KMT taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ve \u00c7KP\u2019yi \u00e7embere almay\u0131 ve yok etmeyi ama\u00e7layan be\u015finci operasyonda, \u00c7KP, birbirinin pe\u015fi s\u0131ra k\u0131rsal kesimdeki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmi\u015ftir. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc b\u00f6lgeleri devaml\u0131 daral\u0131nca K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu ka\u00e7mak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu \u201cUzun Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u201d ger\u00e7ek men\u015feidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUzun Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u201d asl\u0131nda bu durumdan kurtulmak i\u00e7in Mo\u011folistan\u2019\u0131n D\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve Sovyet Rusya\u2019ya ula\u015fmak amac\u0131yla ilk olarak bat\u0131ya daha sonra kuzeye yap\u0131lan ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f plan\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7KP bunu ba\u015far\u0131p Sovyetler Birli\u011fine ula\u015fabilirse yenilgiden kurtulacakt\u0131. Fakat \u00c7KP D\u0131\u015f Mo\u011folistan yolunda b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Ve Shanxi ve Suiyuan \u00fczerinden gitmeye karar verdiler. Bir taraftan kuzey y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ilerlerken, bir yandan da \u201cAnti-Japon\u201d propagandas\u0131 ile insanlar\u0131n g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fc kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Oysa bu alanlar daha Japon askerlerinin i\u015fgaline u\u011framam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Genel olarak Japon askerleri \u00c7in Seddi boyunca uzanan alanlar\u0131 i\u015fgal alt\u0131nda tutuyorlard\u0131. Bir y\u0131l sonra, \u00c7KP Shanbei\u2019ye (Shanxi vilayetinin kuzeyi) ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Merkezi K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu birliklerinin say\u0131s\u0131 80,000 den 6,000\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xi\u2019an Olay\u0131\u2014\u00c7KP Ba\u015far\u0131yla Anla\u015fmazl\u0131k Ekti ve \u0130kinci Kez KMT\u2019na Kilitlendi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aral\u0131k 1936\u2019da iki KMT generali, Zhang Xueliang ve Yang Hucheng, Xi\u2019an\u2019da Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019i ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131lar. Bu olaya o zamandan beri Xi\u2019an Olay\u0131 denilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP ders kitaplar\u0131na g\u00f6re Xi\u2019an Olay\u0131 Zhang ve Yang taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan ve Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019e ya\u015fam yada \u00f6l\u00fcm \u00fcltimatomunun verildi\u011fi bir \u201caskeri darbedir\u201d. B\u00f6ylece Japon istilac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 durmaya mecbur edilmi\u015ftir. Raporlara g\u00f6re Zhou Enlai, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir karar m\u00fczakere etmeye yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in \u00c7KP temsilcisi olarak Xi\u2019an\u2019a davet etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7in\u2019de de\u011fi\u015fik gruplar\u0131n arabuluculuklar\u0131 ile olay bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmi\u015f, on y\u0131ll\u0131k i\u00e7 sava\u015f sona ermi\u015f ve Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015fik bir ulusal ittifak olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u00c7KP\u2019nin tarih kitaplar\u0131 bu olay\u0131n \u00c7in krizinde \u00e7ok kritik bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. \u00c7KP kendisini t\u00fcm ulusun \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen vatanperver bir parti olarak g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xi\u2019an Olay\u0131ndan \u00f6nce bir \u00e7ok \u00c7KP casusunun zaten Yang Hucheng ve Zhang Xueliang etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu bir \u00e7ok dok\u00fcman zaten belirtmektedir. \u00c7KP yeralt\u0131 \u00fcyesi olan Liu Ding, Madam Chiang\u2019\u0131n karde\u015fi ve Sun Yat-Sen\u2019in kar\u0131s\u0131 olan Song Qingling taraf\u0131ndan Zhang Xueliang\u2019a tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Xi\u2019an Olay\u0131ndan sonra Mao Zedong \u201cLiu Ding Xi\u2019an Olay\u0131nda \u00e7ok yararl\u0131 hizmet verdi\u201d diyerek onu \u00f6vm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yang Hucheng\u2019in taraf\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan biri de \u00c7KP \u00fcyesi olan onun kar\u0131s\u0131 Xie Baozhen olup, Yang\u2019\u0131n Ordu siyaset b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7KP\u2019nin onay\u0131 ile Xie, Yang Hucheng\u2019le Ocak 1928\u2019de evlenmi\u015ftir. Buna ilaveten o zamanlar \u00c7KP \u00fcyesi Wang Bingnan da Yang\u2019\u0131n evinde \u015feref misafiriydi. Wang daha sonra \u00c7KP D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Bakan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Yang ve Zhang\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki bu \u00c7KP \u00fcyeleri do\u011frudan darbeyi ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olay\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda \u00c7KP liderleri Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek onun daha \u00f6nceleri \u00c7KP\u2019yi bast\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6c\u00fcn\u00fc almak istemi\u015flerdir. O zamanlarda \u00c7KP\u2019nin kuzey Shaanxi ilindeki \u00fcss\u00fc \u00e7ok zay\u0131f idi ve tek bir sava\u015fta bile tamamen yok olma tehlikesi bulunuyordu. \u00c7KP, b\u00fct\u00fcn aldatma becerilerini kullanarak Zhang ve Yang\u2019\u0131 ayaklanmak hususunda kand\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Japonlar\u0131 ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 etmek ve onlar\u0131n Sovyetler Birli\u011fine sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla Stalin \u015fahsen \u00c7KP Merkezi Komitesine yaz\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015f, onlardan Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrmemelerini aksine kendisiyle ikinci kez bir dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7erisine girmelerini talep etmi\u015ftir. Mao Zedong ve Zhou Enlai, \u00c7KP\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcyle KMT\u2019n\u0131 yok etmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131ndayd\u0131lar ve Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fckleri takdirde yenileceklerini ve hatta \u00f6c\u00fcn\u00fc almak isteyecek KMT ordusu taraf\u0131ndan yok edilebileceklerini biliyorlard\u0131. Bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda \u00c7KP ses tonunu de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. \u00c7KP, Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 ortak direni\u015f kurmak ad\u0131na Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019i ikinci kez dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ersine girmeye zorlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, \u00f6nce silah\u0131 Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019e \u00e7evirerek ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 yapmak istedi ancak geri d\u00f6nerek sahnenin kahraman\u0131 gibi onu \u00c7KP\u2019yi kabul etmeye zorlad\u0131. \u00c7KP sadece \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme krizinden kurtulmad\u0131 ikinci kez KMT h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kilitlenmek f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131. K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde Sekizinci Rota Ordusuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve eskisinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu. \u00c7KP\u2019nin k\u0131yaslanamaz aldatma yeteneklerini takdir etmek gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Japonlara Kar\u015f\u0131 Sava\u015f\u2014\u00c7KP \u00d6d\u00fcn\u00e7 Al\u0131nan Silahlarla \u00d6ld\u00fcrerek B\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1937\u2019de Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda KMT\u2019n\u0131n 1.7 milyondan fazla silahl\u0131 askeri, 110,000 ton ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi olan gemileri ve takribi 600 adet \u00e7e\u015fitli sava\u015f u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. Kas\u0131m 1937\u2019de yeni kurulmu\u015f olan Yeni D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Ordu dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00c7KP ordusunun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 70,000 ki\u015fiyi ge\u00e7miyordu. G\u00fcc\u00fc de dahili ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ile daha da zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve tek sava\u015fta bile yok olabilirdi. \u00c7KP, Japonlarla yap\u0131lacak sava\u015fta Japonlar\u0131n bir t\u00fcmenini bile yenemeyeceklerini fark etmi\u015fti. \u00c7KP\u2019nin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde ulusun hayatta kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak yerine kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek \u201culusal birlik\u201d vurgusunun merkez oda\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla KMT ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fu s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00c7KP \u201ckendi i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck pratikte uygulanacak siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleye \u00f6ncelik vermek\u201d i\u00e7 siyasetini g\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18 Eyl\u00fcl 1931\u2019de Japonlar Shenyang \u015fehrini i\u015fgal edip kuzeydo\u011fu \u00c7in\u2019deki kontrollerini b\u00fcy\u00fck alanlara yayd\u0131klar\u0131nda \u00c7KP, KMT\u2019n\u0131 yenmek i\u00e7in Japon istilac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 omuz omuza sava\u015ft\u0131. Japon istilas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak verilen deklarasyonda \u00c7KP nasyonalist h\u00fck\u00fcmeti devirmek i\u00e7in KMT\u2019n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda bulunan yerlerdeki halk\u0131 isyana \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 \u201ci\u015f\u00e7ileri grev yapmaya, k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri sorun \u00e7\u0131karmaya, \u00f6\u011frencileri dersleri boykot etmeye, fakir insanlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamaya, askerleri ayaklanmaya\u201d davet etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, Japonlara direni\u015f i\u00e7in bayrak a\u00e7t\u0131, ancak cepheden uzakta ellerinde sadece mahalli ordular ve kamplardaki gerilla g\u00fc\u00e7leri vard\u0131. \u00c7KP, Pingxing Ge\u00e7idinde yap\u0131lan birka\u00e7 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmadan hari\u00e7 Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 olan sava\u015fta hi\u00e7bir katk\u0131da bulunmad\u0131. Bunun yerine kendi merkez \u00fcstlerini geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in enerji harcad\u0131lar. Japonlar teslim oldu\u011funda \u00c7KP teslim olan askerleri kendi ordusuna ald\u0131 ve 2 milyon militan sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131ya ilaveten 900,000 d\u00fczenli askeri oldu\u011funu iddia etti. Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131rken KMT ordusu yapayaln\u0131zd\u0131 ve sava\u015fta 200\u2019\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcnde mare\u015fal kaybetti. \u00c7KP taraf\u0131ndaki emir veren komutanlar neredeyse hi\u00e7 kayba u\u011framad\u0131. Ancak \u00c7KP ders kitaplar\u0131nda KMT\u2019n\u0131n Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir direni\u015f g\u00f6stermedi\u011finden ve Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferi \u00c7KP\u2019nin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daimi surette bahsedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yanan\u2019\u0131n Tasfiyesi \u2014Zul\u00fcmde En Korkutucu Metotlar\u0131 Yaratmak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fma ad\u0131na say\u0131s\u0131z vatansever genci Yanan\u2019a \u00e7ekti ancak tasfiye hareketi esnas\u0131nda bunlar\u0131n on binlercesine zul\u00fcm etti. \u00c7in\u2019de kontrol\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra \u00c7KP, Yanan\u2019\u0131 devrimci \u201ckutsal topraklar\u201d ilan etti ancak tasfiye hareketi esnas\u0131nda i\u015flemi\u015f oldu\u011fu su\u00e7lardan hi\u00e7 bahsetmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yanan\u2019daki tasfiye hareketi insanl\u0131k tarihinde oynanan en b\u00fcy\u00fck, en karanl\u0131k, en vah\u015fi ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z g\u00fc\u00e7 oyunu olmu\u015ftur. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi zehirlerini ak\u0131tmak ad\u0131na Parti ahlak de\u011ferleris, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, eylem h\u00fcrriyetini, ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ve haysiyeti silip atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tasifye hareketinde at\u0131lan ilk ad\u0131m her ki\u015fi i\u00e7in ki\u015fisel bir ar\u015fivi olu\u015fturmak olmu\u015ftur ve bu ar\u015five; 1) ki\u015fisel beyan; 2) ki\u015finin siyasi hayat\u0131n\u0131n vakay\u0131 namesi; 3) aile ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ve sosyal ili\u015fkileri; 4) otobiyografi ve ideolojik ge\u00e7i\u015fler; 5) Parti do\u011fas\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirme dahil edilmi\u015ftir.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u015filerin ki\u015fisel ar\u015fivlerinde, do\u011fumundan itibaren tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn ki\u015fileri, olu\u015f tarihi ve yeri ile birlikte b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6nemli olaylar\u0131 listelemesi \u015fartt\u0131. \u0130nsanlara ar\u015fiv i\u00e7in tekrar tekrar yazmalar\u0131 emredildi ve beyanlardaki her hangi bir eksiklik ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131k emaresi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ki\u015filer, \u00f6zellikle Partiye kat\u0131lacaklar, o zamana kadar kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 t\u00fcm sosyal faaliyetleri a\u00e7\u0131klamalar zorundalard\u0131. Parti do\u011fas\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirmek daha da \u00f6nemliydi ve ki\u015filer bilin\u00e7lerindeki parti kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, konu\u015fmalar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat veya sosyal faaliyetlerini itiraf etmeye zorland\u0131lar. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir ki\u015finin bilincini de\u011ferlendirirken o ki\u015finin ki\u015fisel-\u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ilgilenip ilgilenilmedi\u011fini, bir ki\u015finin \u015fahsi hedeflerini elde etmek i\u00e7in Parti i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 kullan\u0131p kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, devrimsel gelece\u011fe g\u00fcvenmekte bocalay\u0131p bocalamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sava\u015flarda \u00f6l\u00fcmden korkup korkmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, partiye veya orduya kat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra aile fertlerini veya e\u015fini \u00f6zleyip \u00f6zlemeyece\u011fi hususlar\u0131n\u0131 ince eleyip s\u0131k dokuyarak a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 bekleniyordu. Hi\u00e7bir objektif standart yoktu dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hemen hemen herkeste problem bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGizli hainleri\u201d elimine etmek i\u00e7in incelenen kadrolar\u0131n \u201citirafta\u201d bulunmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bask\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Sonu\u00e7ta say\u0131s\u0131z komplolar ve yanl\u0131\u015f ve ger\u00e7ek d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ithamlar yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00e7ok fazla say\u0131da kadroya zulmedildi. Tasfiye hareketi esnas\u0131nda Yanan\u2019a \u201cinsan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 ar\u0131tma yeri\u201d dendi. Kadrolar\u0131n ki\u015fisel \u00f6zge\u00e7mi\u015flerini incelemek i\u00e7in bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma timi Askeri \u0130\u015fler ve Politika \u00dcniversitesine girdi ve iki ay boyunca K\u0131z\u0131l Ter\u00f6r estirdi. Do\u011fa\u00e7lamal\u0131 itiraflar, ispatl\u0131 itiraflar, \u201cgrup iknalar\u0131\u201d \u201cbe\u015f dakikal\u0131k iknalar\u201d, \u00f6zel tavsiye, konferans raporlar\u0131 ve \u201cal\u00e7aklar\u0131\u201d tan\u0131mlama (\u00f6rne\u011fin d\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 i\u00e7i beyaz olanlar) dahil itiraf yapt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli metotlar kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Sinirli g\u00f6r\u00fcnenler \u015f\u00fcpheli olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenler olarak hedeflendiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Komintern temsilcileri bile tasfiye hareketi esnas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan metotlardan irkildiler ve Yanan\u2019daki durumu \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc ve keyif ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olarak belirttiler. \u0130nsanlar bir di\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ileti\u015fime girmeye bile cesaret edemediler. Herkesin bilemek i\u00e7in kendi baltas\u0131 vard\u0131 ve herkes sinirliydi ve korkuyordu. K\u00f6t\u00fc muameleye maruz kalan arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in bile kimse do\u011fruyu s\u00f6yleyemiyordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc herkes kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurtarma \u00e7abas\u0131ndayd\u0131. K\u00f6t\u00fc ama\u00e7l\u0131 gaddarlar\u2014ya\u011f \u00e7ekenler, yalan s\u00f6yleyenler ve di\u011ferlerini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layanlar- terfi ettirildi; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme Yanan\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131n bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi oldu \u2013 ya di\u011fer yolda\u015flar\u0131 ya da kendini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131la. \u0130nsanlar \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi, kendi hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015flerini kurtarmak i\u00e7in sayg\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131ndan, \u015feref ve haysiyetlerinden, bir di\u011ferine olan sevgilerinden vazge\u00e7meye zorland\u0131lar. Kendi fikirlerini ortaya atamaz oldular, bunun yerine parti liderlerinin s\u00f6ylevlerini, yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ezberden okumak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP \u00c7in\u2019de iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra \u00c7KP\u2019nin b\u00fct\u00fcn faaliyetlerinde bu bask\u0131 sistemi kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7 Y\u0131ll\u0131k \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u2014 \u0130ktidar\u0131 Ele Ge\u00e7irmek \u0130\u00e7in \u00dclkeye \u0130hanet Etmek<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eubat 1917\u2019deki Rus Burjuvazi devrimi g\u00f6rece olarak daha yumu\u015fak bir ayaklanmayd\u0131. \u00c7ar \u00fclkenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na \u00f6ncelik tan\u0131d\u0131 ve diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stermek yerine taht\u0131 teslim etti. Lenin Almanya\u2019dan Rusya\u2019ya aceleyle geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc, ba\u015fka bir darbe yapt\u0131 ve kom\u00fcnist devrim ad\u0131na \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131 deviren kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n devrimcilerini katletti ve b\u00f6ylece Rusya burjuvazi devrimini bo\u011fdu. Lenin gibi \u00c7KP de nasyonalist devrimin meyvelerini toplad\u0131. Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 olan sava\u015f bitti\u011finde \u00c7KP, KMT h\u00fck\u00fcmetini devirmek i\u00e7in \u201cBa\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131\u201d (1946-1949) ba\u015flatt\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019e bir kez daha sava\u015f felaketini getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, \u201cmuazzam-kalabal\u0131k stratejisi\u201d nedeniyle \u00e7ok iyi bilinmektedir; sava\u015f kazanmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok say\u0131da kay\u0131plar\u0131n verilmesi ve \u00f6l\u00fcmler. Liaoxi-Shenyang, Beijing-Tianjin, ve HuaiHai\u2019de [20] yap\u0131lan sava\u015flar dahil olmak \u00fczere KMT\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan pek\u00e7ok sava\u015fta \u00c7KP kendi halk\u0131ndan \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan\u0131n kurban edilmesiyle sonu\u00e7lanan en ilkel, barbarca ve insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 taktikleri kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzeydo\u011fu \u00c7in\u2019deki Jilin Eyaletinin Changchun \u015fehrini ku\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fehirdeki yiyeceklerin t\u00fckenmesini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla Halk\u0131n Kurtulu\u015fu Ordusu (HKO) sivillerin \u015fehirden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Changchun\u2019un iki ay s\u00fcren ku\u015fatma esnas\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131ktan ve so\u011fuktan 200,000\u2019e yak\u0131n insan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Buna ra\u011fmen HKO insanlar\u0131n \u015fehri terk etmesine izin vermemi\u015ftir. Sava\u015f bitti\u011finde \u00c7KP, en ufak bir utanma emaresi bile g\u00f6stermeden \u201ctek bir mermi kullanmadan Changchun\u2019u \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015fturduklar\u0131n\u0131\u201d iddia etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1947 \u2013 1948 aras\u0131 \u00c7KP, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile \u201cHarbin Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u201d ve \u201cMoskova Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u201dn\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015f, Sovyetler Birli\u011finin d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerde ve askeri konularda tam destek vermesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ulusal varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve kuzeydo\u011fudaki kaynaklar\u0131 onlara teslim etmi\u015ftir. Anla\u015fmalara g\u00f6re Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00c7KP\u2019ye 50 u\u00e7ak tedarik edecek, teslim olan Japonlar\u0131n b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu silahlar\u0131 iki sevk\u0131yat halinde \u00c7KP\u2019ye verecek ve \u00c7in\u2019in Kuzeydo\u011fusunda Sovyetlerin kontrol etti\u011fi cephane ve askeri levaz\u0131mat\u0131 \u00c7KP\u2019ye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyattan satacakt\u0131r. KMT\u2019n\u0131n Kuzeydo\u011fuda amfibik \u00e7\u0131karma yapmas\u0131 durumunda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, \u00c7KP ordusunu gizlice destekleyecektir. Bunlara ilaveten Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00c7KP\u2019nin Kuzeybat\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019de Xinjiang\u2019da kontrol\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile \u00c7KP m\u00fcttefik hava kuvvetleri kuracak, Sovyetler \u00c7KP ordusunun 11 t\u00fcmeninin te\u00e7hizatlanmas\u0131na yard\u0131m edecek ve ABD-tedariki silahlar\u0131n\u0131n ($13 milyar de\u011ferinde) \u00fc\u00e7te birini Kuzey \u00c7in\u2019e nakledecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet deste\u011fini kazanabilmek i\u00e7in \u00c7KP Kuzeydo\u011fu \u00c7in\u2019de hem karada hem de havada olmak \u00fczere Sovyetler Birli\u011fine \u00f6zel nakliyat imtiyazlar\u0131 s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc verdi, KMT h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ve ABD askeri te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n eylemleri hakk\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fine bilgi vermeyi teklif etti; geli\u015fmi\u015f silahlar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fine Kuzeydo\u011fudaki \u00fcr\u00fcnleri (pamuk, soya fasulyesi) ve askeri tedarik temin etti; Sovyetler Birli\u011fine \u00c7in\u2019de madencilik \u00fczerine \u00f6ncelikler verdi, Sovyetler Birli\u011finin ordular\u0131n\u0131 Kuzeydo\u011fu ve Xinjiang\u2019da bulundurmas\u0131na ve Sovyetlerin \u00c7in\u2019de Uzak Do\u011fu \u0130stihbarat B\u00fcrosu a\u00e7mas\u0131na izin verdi. Avrupa\u2019da sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde \u00c7KP, Sovyetler Birli\u011fini desteklemek i\u00e7in 100,000 ki\u015filik seferberlik ordusu ve 2 milyon i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6nderecekti. Bunlara ilaveten \u00c7KP gerekirse Liaoning \u0130linde baz\u0131 \u00f6zel b\u00f6lgeleri Kuzey Kore ile birle\u015ftirecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

******************<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. K\u00f6t\u00fc \u00d6zellikleri Sergilemek<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonsuz Korku Partinin Tarihini \u0130\u015faret Eder<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin en g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan \u00f6zelli\u011fi onun ebedi korkusudur.Kurulu\u015fundan beri varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek \u00c7KP\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli amac\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.Bu ama\u00e7 onun s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fen g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc alt\u0131ndaki gizli korkusunu bast\u0131rabilmi\u015ftir.\u00c7KP, v\u00fccudun her k\u0131sm\u0131na yay\u0131lan ve s\u0131zan kanser h\u00fccresi gibidir, \u00e7evresindeki normal h\u00fccreleri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr ve kontrols\u00fcz olarak k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli b\u00fcy\u00fcr.Bizim tarihsel d\u00f6ng\u00fcm\u00fczde, toplum \u00c7KP gibi mutasyona u\u011fram\u0131\u015f bir fakt\u00f6re son verememi\u015f ve istedi\u011fi gibi \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na g\u00f6z yummaktan ba\u015fka alternatifi kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  <\/strong>Bu k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli fakt\u00f6r \u00f6yle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr ki, onun geni\u015flemesinde yoluna \u00e7\u0131kan hi\u00e7bir \u015fey onu durduramaz.Toplumun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve gittik\u00e7e daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcyen alanlar kom\u00fcnizmin ve kom\u00fcnist unsurlar\u0131n istilas\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu unsurlar zamanla daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f ve \u00c7KP bunlardan avantaj sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve temel olarak insan toplumunun ahlak\u0131n\u0131 bozmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, genel olarak kabul g\u00f6ren hi\u00e7bir ahlaki de\u011fere ve adalete inanmaz. Onun b\u00fct\u00fcn ilkeleri tamamen kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Temelinde bencillik vard\u0131r ve onun arzular\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayacak ve kontrol edecek hi\u00e7bir ilke yoktur. Kendi ilkeleri temelinde Parti, derisini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek, y\u00fczeysel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015ftirmek ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 duyar.Hayatta kalmas\u0131n\u0131n tehlikede oldu\u011fu ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde \u00c7KP, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist Partisine, KMT\u2019na, KMT y\u00f6netim kadrosuna ve Ulusal Devrime bel ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u0130ktidar\u0131 eline ge\u00e7irdikten sonra \u00c7KP \u00e7e\u015fitli f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131klarla kendini yurtta\u015flar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve hislerine, sosyal yap\u0131 ve y\u00f6ntemlerine-el atabilece\u011fi her \u015feye kendini ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her krizi daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7 elde etmek ve kontrol y\u00f6ntemlerini geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in bir f\u0131rsat olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn S\u00fcrekli Pe\u015finde Oldu\u011fu \u015fey \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u201cSihirli Silahlar\u0131d\u0131r\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, devrimde zafer elde etmenin \u00fc\u00e7 \u201csihirli silaha\u201d dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eder: partinin yap\u0131s\u0131, silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadele ve birle\u015fmi\u015f cepheler.KMT ile olan deneyimler \u00c7KP\u2019ne iki \u201csilah\u201d daha sunmu\u015ftur: propaganda ve ispiyonculuk.Partinin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u201csihirli silahlar\u0131n\u0131n\u201d hepsi \u00c7KP\u2019ye miras kalan dokuz \u00f6zellik ile a\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck, aldatma, te\u015fvik, toplumun y\u00fcz karalar\u0131n\u0131 sal\u0131vermek, ispiyonculuk, \u00e7alma \u00e7\u0131rpma, m\u00fccadele, yok etme ve kontrol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marksizm-Leninizm do\u011fas\u0131 itibariyle k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u0130ronik olarak, \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnistleri Marksizm-Leninizm’i ger\u00e7ek anlamda anlamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.Lin Biao [21] Marx veya Lenin\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten okuyan sadece birka\u00e7 \u00c7KP \u00fcyesi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.Toplum QuQiubai\u2019yi [22] bir ideolojist olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ancak QuQiubai, Marksizm-Leninizm\u2019i \u00e7ok az okumu\u015f oldu\u011funu kabul etmi\u015ftir.Mao Zedong\u2019un ideolojisi k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye eden Marksizm-Leninizm\u2019in k\u0131rsal versiyonudur. Deng Xiaoping\u2019in sosyalizmin ilk safhas\u0131 teorisi son isim olarak kapitalizmi i\u00e7erir.Jiang Zemin\u2019in \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 Temsil\u201di [23] hi\u00e7 bir temeli olmaks\u0131z\u0131n par\u00e7a par\u00e7a birle\u015ftirilerek meydana getirilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7KP, hi\u00e7bir zaman Marksizm-Leninizm\u2019in ne oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenememi\u015f ancak kendisinin daha k\u00f6t\u00fc unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7lerine soku\u015fturarak onlar\u0131n t\u00fcm k\u00f6t\u00fc hasletlerini miras olarak alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP birle\u015fik cephesi aldatma ve k\u0131sa vadede \u00f6\u00e7 alman\u0131n bir birle\u015fimidir.Birle\u015fmenin amac\u0131 kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rmak, yaln\u0131zl\u0131ktan muazzam bir klan olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak, kendi arkada\u015f ve d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n oranlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmektir.Birle\u015fmek ay\u0131rt etmeyi gerektirdi\u2014kimlerin d\u00fc\u015fman kimlerin arkada\u015f oldu\u011funu, kimin solda, kimin ortada kimin sa\u011fda bulundu\u011funu, kime ne zaman arkada\u015f\u00e7a davran\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ve kime ne zaman sald\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamay\u0131.Bu kolayl\u0131kla eski d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 arkada\u015fa ve sonra tekrar d\u00fc\u015fmana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.\u00d6rne\u011fin demokratik devrim s\u00fcrecinde parti kapitalistlerle ittifak kurmu\u015f sosyalist devrim s\u00fcrecinde ise kapitalistleri elimine etmi\u015ftir.Ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnekte ise, ZhangBojun [24] ve LuoLongji, [25] gibi ba\u015fka demokratik parti liderleri \u201c\u00c7in Demokratik Birli\u011fi\u201dnin kurucular\u0131yla birlikte devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme d\u00f6neminde \u00c7KP\u2019nin destek\u00e7ileri olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ancak daha sonra \u201csa\u011fc\u0131\u201d diye bunlara zulmedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Profesyonel Sofistike Bir \u00c7etedir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti iki y\u00fczl\u00fc stratejiler kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bir tarafta yumu\u015fak ve esnek di\u011fer tarafta ise sert ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve kat\u0131.Daha yumu\u015fak stratejilerine, propaganda, birle\u015fik cepheler, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k ekme, ispiyonculuk, ayaklanmaya te\u015fvik, \u00e7ift-tarafl\u0131 anla\u015fma, insanlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine girme, beyin y\u0131kama, yalanlar ve aldatma, ger\u00e7e\u011fi saklama, psikolojik suiistimal ve ter\u00f6r atmosferi olu\u015fturma dahildir. Bunlar\u0131 yaparken, \u00c7KP insanlar\u0131n kalbinde onlar\u0131n parti yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kolayca unutmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan korku sendromunu yarat\u0131r.Bu say\u0131s\u0131z metotlar insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015flar ve insanl\u0131kta kin, k\u00f6t\u00fc niyet ve garezi geli\u015ftirir.\u00c7KP\u2019nin sert taktiklerine \u015fiddet, silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadele, zul\u00fcm, politik hareketler, \u015fahitleri \u00f6ld\u00fcrme, adam ka\u00e7\u0131rma, farkl\u0131 sesleri bast\u0131rma, silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar, periyodik s\u0131k\u0131 y\u00f6netimler v.s. dahildir. Bu sald\u0131rgan metotlar ter\u00f6r\u00fc yarat\u0131r ve kal\u0131c\u0131 yapar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, yumu\u015fak ve sert metotlar\u0131 e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131r.Bazen baz\u0131 durumlarda rahat davran\u0131rken baz\u0131lar\u0131nda kat\u0131 olmu\u015flar bazen de d\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 rahat ancak i\u00e7i\u015flerinde kat\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. G<\/strong>ev\u015fek atmosferde \u00c7KP de\u011fi\u015fik fikirlerin ortaya at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmi\u015f ancak sanki y\u0131lan\u0131 deli\u011finden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartmak i\u00e7in tuzak kurmak gibi serbest\u00e7e fikirlerini ortaya atanlara bu d\u00f6nemin ard\u0131ndan gelen kat\u0131 kontrol s\u00fcrecinde zulmetmi\u015ftir. \u00c7KP, KMT\u2019na meydan okumak i\u00e7in s\u0131k s\u0131k demokrasi ad\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015f ancak \u00c7KP\u2019nin kontrol\u00fcnde bulunan b\u00f6lgelerdeki entelekt\u00fceller Parti ile ayn\u0131 fikirde olmay\u0131nca bu ki\u015filere zulmedilmi\u015f hatta kafalar\u0131 bile kesilmi\u015ftir.\u00d6rnek olarak rezil \u201cYabani Leylaklar Olay\u0131na\u201d bakabiliriz; burada e\u015fitlik, demokrasi ve insanl\u0131k \u00fczerine ideallerini belirtmek i\u00e7in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cYabani Leylaklar\u201d denemesi nedeniyle entelekt\u00fcel Wang Shiwei\u2019ye (1906-1947) Yanan tasfiye hareketi esnas\u0131nda zulmedilmi\u015f ve \u00c7KP taraf\u0131ndan 1947\u2019de baltayla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yanan Tasfiye hareketinde eziyet edilen eski bir g\u00f6revli, yo\u011fun bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funda ve itiraf etmeye zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yapabilece\u011fi tek \u015feyin kendi vicdan\u0131na ihanet ederek yalan s\u00f6ylemek oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir.Bu olaydan sonra dalavere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kendi yolda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 su\u00e7a bula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kendini \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc hissetmi\u015ftir.Kendinden o kadar nefret etmi\u015ftir ki hayat\u0131na son vermek istemi\u015ftir.Tesad\u00fcfi olarak bulundu\u011fu masaya bir silah b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Silah\u0131 eline alm\u0131\u015f, kafas\u0131na y\u00f6neltmi\u015f ve teti\u011fi \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.Ancak silahta mermi yoktur!Onun ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 yapan ki\u015fi i\u00e7eri girmi\u015f ve \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir \u201cYapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu kabul etmen iyi bir \u015fey. Parti politikalar\u0131 yumu\u015fak ve m\u00fc\u015ffiktir.\u201dKom\u00fcnist Parti ki\u015finin s\u0131n\u0131ra geldi\u011fini bilir, Partiye \u201csad\u0131k\u201d oldu\u011funu anlard\u0131; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla testi ge\u00e7mi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131n\u0131z.  \u00c7KP her zaman birini \u00f6nce \u00f6l\u00fcm tuza\u011f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirmi\u015f sonradan onun her ac\u0131 \u00e7eki\u015finden her k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden zevk alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir ki\u015fi s\u0131n\u0131ra dayan\u0131p sadece \u00f6lmek istedi\u011finde, Parti \u201cnazik\u201d bir \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p bu ki\u015fiye ya\u015famas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir yol g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. <\/strong>\u015e\u00f6yle s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir \u201c\u00f6l\u00fc bir kahraman olmaktansa ya\u015fayan korkak olmak daha iyidir\u201d.Ki\u015fi Partiye \u00e7ok minnettar kalmakta ve onu bir kurtar\u0131c\u0131 gibi g\u00f6rmektedir.Bu memur, y\u0131llar sonra men\u015fei \u00c7in olan bir Qigong ve kendini ar\u0131nd\u0131rma uygulamas\u0131 olan Falun Gong\u2019u \u00f6\u011frenmir. Bu uygulaman\u0131n iyi oldu\u011funu hissetmi\u015ftir. Fakat 1999\u2019da Falun Gong\u2019a eziyet ve zul\u00fcm ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ac\u0131 hat\u0131ralar\u0131 geri gelmi\u015f ve o \u201cFalun Gong iyidir\u201d demeye cesaret edememi\u015ftir. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in son \u0130mparatoru Puyi’nin [26] deneyimi bu memurunkine benziyordu. \u00c7KP’nin h\u00fccrelerine hapsedilip insanlar\u0131n birbiri ard\u0131na \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcnce \u0130mparator Puyi yak\u0131nda \u00f6lece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Ya\u015fayabilmek i\u00e7in beyninin y\u0131kanmas\u0131na izin verdi ve gardiyanlarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131. Daha sonra, \u00c7KP taraf\u0131ndan ideolojik yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak kullan\u0131lan Hayat\u0131m\u0131n \u0130lk Yar\u0131s\u0131<\/em> adl\u0131 bir otobiyografi yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern t\u0131bbi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara g\u00f6re a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bask\u0131 ve izolasyon ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu kendilerini tutsak edenlere kar\u015f\u0131 anormal bir ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k hissinin tutsa\u011f\u0131 olmaktad\u0131rlar;buna Stockholm Sendromu denmektedir.Ma\u011fdur olanlar\u0131n duygusal durumlar\u0131 -mutluluk veya k\u0131zma, sevin\u00e7 veya \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc- tutsak edenler taraf\u0131ndan zorla kabul ettirilmi\u015ftir. Bu ma\u011fdurlara yap\u0131lan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir iyilik bile onlarda derin minnettarl\u0131k yaratmaktad\u0131r.Bunlar, ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n kendilerini tutsak edenlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cderin bir sevgi\u201d geli\u015ftirdikleri olaylard\u0131r.Bu psikolojik fenomen \u00c7KP taraf\u0131ndan hem d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 hem de kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek ve tekrar kal\u0131ba sokmak i\u00e7in  uzun zamandan beri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parti En K\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP genel sekreterlerinin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu anti-kom\u00fcnist olarak fi\u015flenmi\u015ftir. \u015eu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z g\u00f6vdesi ile \u00c7KP\u2019nin kendine has bir ya\u015fam\u0131 vard\u0131r.Parti memurlar\u0131na h\u00fckmeder, bunun tersi olamaz.\u201cJiangxi” eyaletinin Sovyet b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00c7KP, KMT taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ember alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve neredeyse yok olmak \u00fczereyken bile \u201cAnti-Bol\u015fevik (AB) Askerler\u201d \u00fczerinde k\u0131s\u0131tlama ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda dahili temizlik harekat\u0131na giri\u015febilmi\u015f, kendi \u00f6z askerlerini geceleri katletmi\u015f veya mermi tasarrufunda bulunmak i\u00e7in bunlar\u0131 ta\u015flayarak \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.Kuzeyde Shaanxi eyaletinde Japonlar ve KMT aras\u0131nda sandvi\u00e7 gibi s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalm\u0131\u015fken \u00c7KP, kitle imha hareketi olan Yanan tasfiye hareketini uygulam\u0131\u015f ve say\u0131s\u0131z insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.Bu \u015fekilde s\u00fcrekli olarak tekrar eden geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 katliamlar \u00c7KP\u2019yi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc geni\u015fletmekten ve sonu\u00e7ta \u00c7in\u2019in tamam\u0131na h\u00fckmetmekten al\u0131koymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00c7KP, bu dahili rekabet y\u00f6ntemini geni\u015fletmi\u015f ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Sovyet alanlar\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkeye do\u011fru birbiri ard\u0131na insanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, k\u00f6t\u00fc huylu bir t\u00fcm\u00f6r gibidir; h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fimi s\u00fcrecinde t\u00fcm\u00f6r\u00fcn merkezi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ancak kenarlar\u0131ndan sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 organizmalara yay\u0131lmaya devam etmektedir.Organizmalar ve g\u00f6vdelere s\u0131z\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra yeni t\u00fcm\u00f6rler b\u00fcy\u00fcmektedir. <\/strong>Bir insan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ne kadar iyi veya ne kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc olursa olsun \u00c7KP\u2019ye kat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra onun y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta insan ne kadar d\u00fcr\u00fcst ise sonu\u00e7ta o kadar y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.\u015eu \u015f\u00fcphesizdir ki, bu \u00c7KP t\u00fcm\u00f6r\u00fc kendinden beslenece\u011fi hi\u00e7bir \u015fey kalmay\u0131ncaya kadar b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam edecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP kurucusu, Chen Duxiu, bir entelekt\u00fcel ve D\u00f6rt May\u0131s \u00f6\u011frenci hareketinin lideri idi.Kendisini \u015fiddet yanl\u0131s\u0131 olmayan biri olarak g\u00f6sterdi; \u00c7KP \u00fcyelerini, KMT\u2019yi kom\u00fcnist ideolojilerine d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlarsa veya iktidar i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 h\u0131rsl\u0131 olurlarsa bu kesinlikle sahte ve yapmac\u0131k ili\u015fkilere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir diye uyard\u0131.Chen, D\u00f6rt May\u0131s ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda en aktif olan ki\u015filerden biri olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ayn\u0131 zamanda ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc biriydi. Buna ra\u011fmen \u201csa\u011f-kanat f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131\u201d olarak ilk fi\u015flenen o oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir di\u011fer \u00c7KP lideri, Qu Qiubai, \u00c7KP \u00fcyelerinin sava\u015flarda ve m\u00fccadelelerde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131n, ayaklanmalar organize etmelerinin, otoriteleri devirmelerinin ve \u00c7in toplumunun normal fonksiyonlar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nmesi i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00f6ntemler kullanmalar\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011fine inan\u0131yordu.Buna ra\u011fmen \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00f6nce \u201cBir devrimci olarak \u00f6lmek istemiyorum. Sizin hareketinizden uzun zaman \u00f6nce ayr\u0131ld\u0131m. Asl\u0131nda, tarih bir oyun oynad\u0131, beni, bir entelekt\u00fceli, devrimin siyasi y\u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7ekti ve beni orada y\u0131llarca tuttu. Sonunda, kendi y\u00fcksek s\u0131n\u0131f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimin hala \u00fcstesinden gelemedim. Hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde proleterya s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olamam\u201d itiraf\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur. [27]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP lideri Wang Ming, Komintern\u2019in tavsiyesi \u00fczerine \u00c7KP taban\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek yerine Japonlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta KMT ile birlik olu\u015fturmak hususunu m\u00fczakere etti.\u00c7KP toplant\u0131lar\u0131nda, Mao Zedong ve ZhangWentian [28] ne bu yolda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 fikirlerinden d\u00f6nd\u00fcrebildile ne de  durumlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kartabildiler: K\u0131z\u0131l Ordunun s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc ile Japonlar\u0131n bir t\u00fcmenini bile kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtemezlerdi.E\u011fer, bu iyi niyet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00c7KP sava\u015f karar\u0131 verseydi \u00c7in tarihi kesinlikle \u00e7ok daha de\u011fi\u015fik olabilirdi.Mao Zedong toplant\u0131larda sessiz kalmaya zorland\u0131.Daha sonralar\u0131 Wang Ming ilk olarak \u201csol kanattan\u201d sapma ve sonralar\u0131 sa\u011f kanat ideolojisi f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapmakla su\u00e7lanarak toplant\u0131lardan zorla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parti sekreterlerinden biri olan ve Ocak 1987\u2019de istifa etmeye zorlanm\u0131\u015f olan Hu Yaobang, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi esnas\u0131nda katledilen bir \u00e7ok masum kurbana adalet getirerek \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7KP\u2019ye yeniden destek vermesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Ancak o da sonunda Parti\u2019den kovuldu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En son koltu\u011funu kaybeden Sekreter ZhaoZiyang [29], reformlar\u0131 ileriye g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in \u00c7KP\u2019ye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak istedi ancak onun hareketleri kendisine berbat sonu\u00e7lar getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki, \u00c7KP\u2019nin her yeni lideri bu \u015fekilde ne ba\u015far\u0131 elde edebilirdi? \u00c7KP\u2019ye reform getirmek onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc demekti. Reformcular yetkilerinin \u00c7KP taraf\u0131ndan hemen ellerinden al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. \u00c7KP \u00fcyelerinin \u00c7KP sistemini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilmelerinde belirli bir s\u0131n\u0131r vard\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00c7KP\u2019nin reform konusunda ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u015fans\u0131 yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parti liderlerinin hepsi \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc insana\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fclerse, \u00c7KP devrimi nas\u0131l geni\u015fletebilirdi? Bir \u00e7ok olayda \u00c7KP en iyi performans\u0131 g\u00f6sterirken\u2014ayn\u0131 zamanda en k\u00f6t\u00fc olan\u0131, en yukardakiler mevkilerini kaybediyorlard\u0131.Bunun nedeni onlar\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck derecesinin Partinin y\u00fcksek standard\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamamas\u0131d\u0131r ki Parti tekrar tekrar en k\u00f6t\u00fc olanlar\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bir \u00e7ok parti liderinin siyasi hayat\u0131 trajediyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f ancak \u00c7KP hayatta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015farabilmi\u015ftir.Mevkilerini koruyabilen \u00c7KP liderleri Partiyi etkileyebilen ki\u015filer de\u011fildi, bunlar Partinin k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetlerini idrak edip bunlar\u0131 takip edebilen ki\u015filerdi.Bunlar krizdeyken \u00c7KP\u2019nin hayatta kalabilme kabiliyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdiler ve kendilerini tamamen partiye verdiler. Parti \u00fcyelerinin cennetle sava\u015fmaya, d\u00fcnya ile harp etmeye ve di\u011fer insanlarla m\u00fccadele etmeye muktedir olabilmelerine \u015fa\u015fmamak gerekir. Ancak onlar hi\u00e7bir zaman Partiye kar\u015f\u0131 gelememi\u015ftir. Bunlar Partinin ehlile\u015ftirilmi\u015f aletleriydi veya Parti ile en fazla ortak ya\u015fayabilenlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00c7KP\u2019sinin en \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak niteli\u011fi utanmazl\u0131k olmu\u015ftur. Partiye g\u00f6re partinin t\u00fcm hatalar\u0131 bireysel olarak Parti liderlerince yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Zhang Guotao [30] veya D\u00f6rtl\u00fc \u00c7ete [31].Mao Zedong Parti taraf\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 hatal\u0131 yedi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bulunurken, Deng Xiaoping kendisini d\u00f6rt hatal\u0131 alt\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olarak yarg\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ancak Parti\u2019nin kendisi hi\u00e7bir zaman hatal\u0131 kabul edilmemi\u015ftir. Parti hatal\u0131 bile olsa, o zaman, hatalar\u0131 Partinin kendisi d\u00fczeltmi\u015ftir.Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Parti kendi \u00fcyelerine \u201cileriye bakmay\u0131\u201d ve \u201cge\u00e7mi\u015fteki hesaplarla karmakar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmamay\u0131\u201d \u00f6\u011f\u00fctler. Bir \u00e7ok \u015fey de\u011fi\u015febilir: Kom\u00fcnist cennet, sosyalist g\u0131da ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck hedefine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f; Marksizm-Leninizm \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 Temsil\u201d ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.Kimse,\u00c7KP\u2019nin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc muhafaza etmek i\u00e7in demokrasiyi geli\u015ftirmesine, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce h\u00fcrriyetini sa\u011flamas\u0131na, bir gecede Jiang Zemin\u2019i terk etmesine veya Falun Gong\u2019a zulmedilmesini ba\u015fka bir k\u0131l\u0131fa sokmay\u0131 gerekli g\u00f6rmesine \u015fa\u015f\u0131rmamal\u0131d\u0131r.\u00c7KP hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir zaman de\u011fi\u015fmeyen ve de\u011fi\u015fmeyecek olan tek \u015fey vard\u0131r: Partinin hedeflerini temel olarak takip etmek\u2014onun  hayatta kalmas\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7 ve kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn muhafaza edilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, sonradan parti do\u011fas\u0131na, Partinin en \u00fcst temel ilkelerine, liderlerinin ruhlar\u0131na, Partinin tamam\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mekanizmas\u0131na ve t\u00fcm \u00c7KP \u00fcyelerinin hareketleri i\u00e7in kriterlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen teorik esas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in \u015fiddet, ter\u00f6r ve y\u00fcksek bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutan doktrinle\u015fmeyi kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Kom\u00fcnist Partinin kendisi bir \u00e7elik kadar sert, disiplinleri ise demir kadar kat\u0131d\u0131r.B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyelerinin isteklerinin birlik olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyelerinin hareketleri Partinin siyasi g\u00fcndemine tamamen uymal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

******************<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih \u00c7in\u2019deki di\u011fer siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndan niye Kom\u00fcnist Partiyi se\u00e7mi\u015ftir? Hepimizin bildi\u011fi gibi bu d\u00fcnyada iki g\u00fc\u00e7, iki se\u00e7im vard\u0131r. Bir tanesi hedefi k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapmak, menfiyi ve olumsuzu se\u00e7mek olan eski ve k\u00f6t\u00fc oland\u0131r. Di\u011feri ise do\u011fruyu ve yard\u0131mseverli\u011fi se\u00e7ecek olan erdemli ve iyi oland\u0131r. \u00c7KP eski g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Bu se\u00e7imin nedeni de kesinlikle \u00c7KP\u2019nin ister \u00c7inli ister yabanc\u0131 ister ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ister \u015fimdiki zamanda olsun d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri toplamas\u0131d\u0131r.O k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lerin tipik bir temsilcisidir.\u00c7KP kand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in halk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan masum ve yard\u0131msever \u00f6zelliklerini avantaj olarak kullanm\u0131\u015f ve ad\u0131m ad\u0131m bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yok etme kapasitesine hakim olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parti, Kom\u00fcnist Parti olmadan yeni \u00c7in olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmekle neyi kastetmi\u015ftir?1921\u2019de kurulu\u015fundan 1949\u2019da iktidar\u0131 eline ge\u00e7irinceye kadar olan s\u00fcre\u00e7te kand\u0131rma ve \u015fiddet olmasayd\u0131 \u00c7KP\u2019nin iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iremeyece\u011fini kan\u0131tlar a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.\u00c7KP Marksizm-Leninizm\u2019in sapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ideolojisini takip etti\u011finden ve ne isterse onu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 di\u011fer t\u00fcm organizasyon \u015fekillerinden farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir.B\u00fct\u00fcn yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcksek teorilerle izah edebilir ve bunlar\u0131 kitlelerin belirli kesimlerine ak\u0131ll\u0131ca ba\u011flayarak hareketlerini \u201chakl\u0131\u201d g\u00f6sterebilir. Her g\u00fcn propaganda yay\u0131n\u0131 yapar, stratejilerini \u00e7e\u015fitli ilkeler ve teorilere b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcrerek kendisinin sonsuza kadar hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin geli\u015fimi asl\u0131nda y\u00fcce ve \u00f6v\u00fclecek hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi olmayan k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn birikim s\u00fcrecidir.\u00c7KP\u2019nin tarihi onun yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bize katiyetle s\u00f6ylemektedir. \u00c7in halk\u0131 <\/strong>\u00c7KP\u2019ni se\u00e7memi\u015ftir; asl\u0131nda \u00c7KP, Kom\u00fcnist Partiden miras kalan k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00f6zellikleri-k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck, aldatma, te\u015fvik etme, toplumun y\u00fcz karalar\u0131n\u0131 sal\u0131verme, ispiyonculuk, \u00e7alma \u00e7\u0131rpma, sava\u015fma, eliminasyon ve kontrol-uygulayarak bu yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc hayaleti, Kom\u00fcnizmi, \u00c7in halk\u0131na zorla kabul ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

******************<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notlar<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] Kom\u00fcnist Mar\u015f\u0131 \u201cEnternasyonel\u201dden<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Mao\u2019nun, “Hunan K\u00f6yl\u00fc Hareketini Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Raporu” ndan (Mart 1927).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u00c7in halk efsanesi, bir ma\u011farada ya\u015fayan, do\u011fa \u00fcst\u00fc yeteneklere sahip, fazileti \u00f6d\u00fcllendiren, ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc cezaland\u0131ran Beyaz-Sa\u00e7l\u0131 K\u0131z ad\u0131nda bir \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz\u00fcn hikayesidir. \u201cModern\u201d \u00c7in drama, opera ve balesinde \u00c7inli bir k\u0131z olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu k\u0131z kendisiyle zorla evlenmek isteyen zengin ve ya\u015fl\u0131 toprak sahibini reddeden babas\u0131 ac\u0131mas\u0131zca \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcnce ka\u00e7\u0131p bir ma\u011faraya saklan\u0131r. Yetersiz beslenmeden dolay\u0131 sa\u00e7lar\u0131 beyazlar. Toprak sahipleri ve halk aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131f d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtan \u201cModern\u201d \u00c7in dramalar\u0131 i\u00e7inde en iyi bilinenidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] L\u00fcmpen proleterya, kenar mahalle serserilerini i\u015f\u00e7ilere \u00e7evirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nem, s\u0131n\u0131f\u00e7a d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015f kimseleri tan\u0131r, kimi yer alt\u0131 \u00f6\u011felerini end\u00fcstriyel merkezlerdeki n\u00fcfusun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 yapmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Fahi\u015feler, gangsterler, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar, adi su\u00e7lular, serseriler, i\u015fsizler ve i\u015fe yaramayan ki\u015filer gibi hi\u00e7bir kesim taraf\u0131ndan istenmeyen kimseler bu grubun \u00f6\u011felerini olu\u015fturur. Bu terim ilk olarak Marx\u2019\u0131n Fransa’da S\u0131n\u0131f \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 1848-1850 eserinde ge\u00e7mektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Zhou Enlai (5 Mart 1898 \u2013 8 Ocak 1976), \u00c7KP tarihinde Mao\u2019dan sonraki en yetkili ikinci ki\u015fidir. 1949 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar \u00c7KP\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli liderinden biri ve \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] Gu Shunzhang, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00c7KP\u2019nin gizli ajan sisteminin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki ki\u015filerden biriydi. 1931’de KMT taraf\u0131ndan tutukland\u0131 ve \u00c7KP’in gizli ajanlar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmakta onlara yard\u0131m etti. Gu’nun ailesinin tam sekiz \u00fcyesi bo\u011fularak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve Shanghai’daki Frans\u0131z mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Daha fazla bilgi i\u00e7in \u201c\u00c7KP Tarihindeki Suikastlar\u201d (http:\/\/english.epochtimes.com\/news\/4-7-14\/22421.html). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Haziran 1946\u2019daki \u00c7KP ve KMT aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sava\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcmde olmu\u015ftur: Liaoxi-Shenyang, Huai-Hai ve Beijing-Tianjin, bu sava\u015flar\u0131 \u00c7KP kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve sonucunda 1 Ekim 1949\u2019da \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti kurulmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Chiang Kai-Shek KMT\u2019nin lideridir, sava\u015f sonras\u0131 Tayvan\u2019a s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Hu Zongnan (1896-1962), Zhejiang vilayetinin, Xiaofeng il\u00e7esinde (\u015eimdiki Anji il\u00e7esinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131) do\u011fdu. KMT i\u00e7inde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir kumandan ve KMT\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 karargah\u0131n\u0131n komutan\u0131yd\u0131 ve karargah\u0131n idaresiyle g\u00f6revliydi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Li Xiannian (1909-1992), \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u00f6nemli liderlerinden biri. 1983 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u00c7in Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devriminin son d\u00f6nemi olan Ekim 1976 tarihi s\u0131ras\u0131nda DengXiaoping’in tekrar g\u00fc\u00e7 elde etmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] \u00c7KP toprak reformuna ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda insanlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rd\u0131. Tan\u0131mlanan bu s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki entelekt\u00fceller, toprak sahipleri, gericiler, casuslar, vb. 9. Gruba, yani d\u00fc\u015fman olanlara dahil edildi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12] Bat\u0131 Han Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan tarih\u00e7i ve bilgin Sima Qian\u2019\u0131n (\u0130.\u00d6 145-135 ila \u0130.\u00d6. 87 aras\u0131nda) \u015fiiri. O \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fiirinde “Herkes, \u00f6lecektir; fakat kiminin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Taishan da\u011f\u0131ndan daha a\u011f\u0131r kiminin ise t\u00fcyden daha hafiftir\u201dder. Taishan Da\u011f\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck da\u011flardan biridir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13] Yang Kuisong: \u201c1920 \u20131940 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Moskova\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisine sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mali desteklerin bir \u00f6zeti (1),\u201d No. 27, 21 Century\u2019nin internet bask\u0131s\u0131 (30 Haziran, 2004). Web sitesi: http:\/\/www.cuhk.edu.hk\/ics\/21c\/supplem\/essay\/040313a.htm (\u00c7ince). Yazar Yang Kuisong, \u00c7in Sosyal Bilimler Akademisinde, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f tarih ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. \u015eu anda Pekin \u00dcniversitesi Tarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde profes\u00f6r olarak g\u00f6revli ve Do\u011fu \u00c7in \u00dcniversitesinde profes\u00f6r yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14] Kuzey Seferi 1927’de Chiang Kai-Shek taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen askeri bir harekatt\u0131r. KMT y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda \u00c7in’i birle\u015ftirmek ve yerel sava\u015f liderlerinin y\u00f6netimini bitirmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktayd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bu ama\u015flar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmede ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu. Kuzey Seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00c7KP, KMT ile bir ittifak i\u00e7erisindeydi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15] \u00c7KP-KMT birlik oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde devrimci hareketin kuzeye yolculu\u011fu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16] Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925), modern \u00c7in\u2019in kurucusu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17] KMT taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilen Ulusal Devrim Ordusu, \u00c7in Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ulusal ordusuydu. \u00c7KP ve KMT\u2019n\u0131n ittifak olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, bu birlikteki \u00c7KP \u00fcyelerinden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18] 12 Nisan 1927 de, Chiang Kai-Shek y\u00f6netimindeki KMT birlikleri, Shanghai ve di\u011fer \u015fehirlerde \u00c7KP\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 askeri bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonucu 5,000 ila 6,000\u2019e yak\u0131n \u00c7KP \u00fcyesi yakaland\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011fu 12-30 Nisan 1927 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Shanghai\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19] Jinggangshan da\u011f\u0131, \u00c7KP\u2019nin k\u0131rsal devrimin temellerini att\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr ve \u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Ordunun Be\u015fi\u011fi\u201d olarak an\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20] Liaoxi-Shenyang, Beijing-Tianjin, ve Huai-Hai, KMT ile \u00c7KP g\u00fc\u00e7leri aras\u0131nda Eyl\u00fcl 1948 – Ocak 1949 tarihleri aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015ft\u0131 ve bu sava\u015flar\u0131n sonunda KMT g\u00fc\u00e7leri \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar verdi. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 sava\u015fta milyonlarca insan ya\u015fam\u0131 yitirdi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21] Lin Biao (1907-1971), \u00c7KP\u2019nin k\u0131demli liderlerinden biri, \u00c7in Politb\u00fcrosunun Mao Zedong\u2019dan sonraki en k\u0131demli \u00fcyesi, Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 (1958) ve Savunma Bakan\u0131 (1959). Lin, B\u00fcy\u00fck K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devriminin mimar\u0131 olarak kabul edilir. Lin, 1966 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mao\u2019nun halefi olarak g\u00f6sterilmesine ra\u011fmen 1970 de g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yay\u0131nlanan haberlerde, politik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc hisseden Lin\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 bir hareket haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu ve SSCB\u2019ye ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bindi\u011fi u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n Mo\u011folistan\u2019da d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddia edildi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22] Qu Qiubai (1899-1935) \u00c7KP’nin ilk liderlerinden ve \u00fcnl\u00fc solcu yazarlardan biridir. 23 \u015eubat 1935 de KMT taraf\u0131ndan yakaland\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l 18 Haziran da \u00f6ld\u00fc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23] Jiang Zemin \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 Temsil\u201dden ilk olarak \u015eubat 2000\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konu\u015fmada bahsetti. Bu doktrine g\u00f6re, Parti her zaman, \u00c7in\u2019in \u00fcretim kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiren, ileri k\u00fclt\u00fcrel temellere sahip \u00c7inli n\u00fcfusu ve bu insanlar\u0131n ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu temsil etmelidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24] Zhang Bojun (1895-1969) \u00c7in\u2019deki ilk demokratik parti olan \u201c\u00c7in Demokratik Birli\u011fi\u201dnin kurucular\u0131ndan. 1957\u2019de Mao Zedong taraf\u0131ndan 1 numaral\u0131 En Do\u011fru olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar ve bu \u201cEn Do\u011fru\u201d s\u0131n\u0131f K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devriminden sonra d\u00fczeltmeye tabii olmayan az say\u0131da kesimden biriydi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25] Luo Longji (1898-1965) \u201c\u00c7in Demokratik Birli\u011fi\u201d kurucular\u0131ndan biri. 1958\u2019de Mao Zedung taraf\u0131ndan \u201cEn Do\u011fru\u201d olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26] Pu-yi, Man\u00e7urca ad\u0131 Aisin Gioro (1906\u20131967), \u00c7in\u2019in son imparatoru (1908\u20131912), h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki ad\u0131 HsuanT\u2019ung. G\u00f6revinden feragat etmesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Cumhuriyet\u00e7i yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan 1924\u2019e kadar kendisine y\u00fckl\u00fc bir emekli maa\u015f\u0131 ba\u011fland\u0131 ve Pekin\u2019deki Yasak \u015eehir de ya\u015famas\u0131na izin verildi. 1925\u2019den sonra Japonlar\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine Tianjin\u2019e yerle\u015fti. 1934\u2019te K\u2019ang Te ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda Manchukuo ve Man\u00e7urya imparatoru olarak Japonlar\u0131n kuklas\u0131 gibi h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan yakaland\u0131 ve tutukland\u0131. 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda PuYi, Tokyo sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131 mahkemesinde, Japon milislerinin bask\u0131s\u0131 sonucu isteksizce alet oldu\u011fu y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndaki Man\u00e7urya da i\u015flenen sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulad\u0131 ve kabul etti. Japonlar taraf\u0131ndan 1950’de, \u00c7inli kom\u00fcnistlere teslim edildi ve 1959 tarihinde Mao Zedong taraf\u0131ndan ilan edilen genel affa kadar Shenyang da hapis tutuldu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27] Qu Qiubai, \u201cBirka\u00e7 S\u00f6zc\u00fck Daha\u201d adl\u0131 eseri 18 Haziran 1935\u2019deki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00f6nce 23 May\u0131s 1935 tarihinde yay\u0131nland\u0131.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28] Zhang Wentian (1900-1976), 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u00f6nemli liderlerinden biri. 1954-1960 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Vekiliydi. 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi esnas\u0131nda i\u015fkence ile \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. A\u011fustos 1979 da sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iade edildi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29] \u00c7KP\u2019nin on genel sekreterinden sonuncusu, 1989\u2019da Tiananmen Meydan\u0131nda g\u00f6steri yapan \u00f6\u011frencileri da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kuvvet kullanmak su\u00e7undan partiden kovuldu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30] Zhang Guotao (1897-1979), \u00c7KP kurucular\u0131ndan biridir. Nisan 1938\u2019de \u00c7KP\u2019den at\u0131ld\u0131. Kas\u0131m 1948\u2019de Tayvan\u2019a, 1949\u2019da ise Hong Kong\u2019a gitti. 1968\u2019de Kanada\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31] \u201cD\u00f6rtl\u00fc \u00c7ete\u201d Mao Zedong\u2019un kar\u0131s\u0131 Jiang Qing (1913-1991), Shanghai propaganda b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc memuru Zhang Chunqiao (1917-1991), edebi ele\u015ftirmen Yao Wenyuan (1931) ve Shanghai g\u00fcvenlik \u015fefi Wang Hongwen (1935-1992) taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. B\u00fcy\u00fck K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi (1966-1976) s\u0131ras\u0131nda devrime g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, 1970\u2019ler de politikaya egemen olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Epoch Times Yay\u0131n Kurulu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Devam edecek\u2026)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f Di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmler:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine 9 Yorum \u2013 Giri\u015f<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum \u2013 1. B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00d6ns\u00f6z XuShen taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan (\u0130.\u00d6. 147, Do\u011fu Han Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) Basit Karakterleri A\u00e7\u0131klamak ve Bile\u015fik Karakterleri Analiz Etmek(ShuowenJiezi) kitab\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cparti\u201d veya \u201c\u00e7ete\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u00c7in karakteri Dang s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u201cte\u015fvik et veya savun\u201d ve \u201ckaranl\u0131k veya siyah\u201d anlamlar\u0131na tekab\u00fcl eden iki k\u00f6kten meydana gelir. \u0130ki k\u00f6k\u00fc bir araya getirirsek ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan karakter \u201ckaranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek\u201d anlam\u0131na […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13974,"featured_media":140185,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"","_yoast_wpseo_focuskw_text_input":""},"categories":[519,8136,8138],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nKom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum \u2013 2. 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