{"id":140287,"date":"2022-08-15T22:15:08","date_gmt":"2022-08-15T19:15:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/?p=140287"},"modified":"2022-08-15T22:35:07","modified_gmt":"2022-08-15T19:35:07","slug":"bolum-3-cin-komunist-partisinin-zalimce-yonetimine-dair","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/index.php\/bolum-3-cin-komunist-partisinin-zalimce-yonetimine-dair","title":{"rendered":"Kom\u00fcnist Partisi \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum – 3. B\u00f6l\u00fcm"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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(Foto\u011fraf: Epoch Times ve Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zalimlik ve zul\u00fcmden bahsedildi\u011finde \u00c7inlilerin \u00e7o\u011funun akl\u0131na ilk olarak felsefe kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 yakan ve Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131 canl\u0131 canl\u0131 yakan Qin Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk imparatoru zalim Qin Shi Huang ve onu bask\u0131c\u0131 maiyeti gelmektedir (259 \u2013 210 M.\u00d6).  Qin Shi Huang\u2019\u0131n insanlara k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele etmesi \u201cg\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm kaynaklar ile iktidar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek\u201d politikas\u0131ndan gelmektedir.[1]  Bu politikan\u0131n d\u00f6rt esas dayana\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r: a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r vergiler; kendini y\u00fcceltme projeleri i\u00e7in insan i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc harcama; sert kanunlar alt\u0131nda zalimce i\u015fkence, hatta su\u00e7lunun aile fertlerini ve kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 cezaland\u0131rma; kitaplar\u0131 hatta bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131 canl\u0131 canl\u0131 yakma yoluyla h\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve ifade yollar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0131kayarak insanlar\u0131n zihinlerini kontrol etmek.  Qin Shi Huang\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in n\u00fcfusu yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 milyondu; Qin\u2019in saray\u0131 zorunlu i\u015f\u00e7ilik yapmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in 2 milyon ki\u015fiyi mecburi hizmete ald\u0131. Qin Shi Huang sert kanunlar\u0131n\u0131 entellekt\u00fcel \u00e7evrelere de uygulad\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yasaklad\u0131. \u0130ktidar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ele\u015ftiren binlerce Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeki bilim adam\u0131 ve memur \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisinin(\u00c7KP) \u015fiddet uygulamalar\u0131 ve istismarlar\u0131 zalim Qin Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bile daha fazlad\u0131r. \u00c7KP\u2019nin felsefesi \u201cm\u00fccadele\u201dd\u0131r ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin iktidar\u0131 hem \u00c7in i\u00e7inde hem de di\u011fer uluslara kar\u015f\u0131 bir dizi \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadeleleri\u201d, \u201cyol m\u00fccadeleleri\u201d ve ideolojik m\u00fccadeleler\u201d \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti (\u00c7HC)\u2019nin ilk \u00c7KP lideri Mao Zedong, \u201c\u0130mparator Qin Shi Huang neyle \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcyor?  O sadece 460 Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc bilim adam\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc, fakat biz ise 46,000 entelekt\u00fcel \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fck. \u0130mparator Qin Shi Huang gibi diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in bizi su\u00e7layanlar var ve biz bunun hepsini itiraf ediyoruz. Ger\u00e7e\u011fe uygundur. Ne yaz\u0131k ki bize yeterince itibar etmediler, bundan dolay\u0131 biz buna katk\u0131da bulunduk.\u201d diyerek bunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koydu. [2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in \u00c7KP y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda \u00e7etin bir \u015fekilde ge\u00e7en 55 y\u0131l\u0131na bir bakal\u0131m.  Kurulu\u015f felsefesi \u201cS\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi\u201d olan \u00c7KP, iktidar\u0131 eline ge\u00e7irdikten sonra s\u0131n\u0131f soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7abay\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi ve \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren bir devrim ile ter\u00f6r h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurdu. Kom\u00fcnist teorisinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki inan\u00e7lar\u0131 bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutmak i\u00e7in \u00f6ld\u00fcrme ve beyin y\u0131kama yan yana kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7KP kendini yan\u0131lmaz ve tanr\u0131 gibi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in ard\u0131 ard\u0131na hareketler ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u00c7KP, S\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi ve \u015fiddet dolu devrim teorilerinden sonra \u015fiddet ve aldatma taktikleri kullanarak, muhalifleri ve kar\u015f\u0131t sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 tasfiye etmeye ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131 zalim iktidar\u0131n\u0131n boyun e\u011fen hizmetkarlar\u0131 haline gelmelerine zorlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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 I. Arazi Reformu\u2014Toprak A\u011falar\u0131 S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Bertaraf Edilmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist \u00c7in\u2019in kurulu\u015fundan sadece \u00fc\u00e7 ay sonra \u00c7KP ulusal arazi reform program\u0131n\u0131n esaslar\u0131ndan biri olarak toprak a\u011falar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulundu. Partinin slogan\u0131 olan \u201ctoprak i\u015f\u00e7isine arazi\u201d, arazisi olmayan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na hitap etti, ne \u015fekilde olursa olsun toprak sahipleri ile m\u00fccadele etmeleri ve bu y\u00f6ndeki hareketlerinin ahlaki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmeleri konusunda onlar\u0131 cesaretlendirdi. Arazi reformu kampanyas\u0131 toprak a\u011fas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u015fart ko\u015ftu ve k\u0131rsal n\u00fcfusu farkl\u0131 sosyal kategorilere ay\u0131rd\u0131. K\u0131rsal kesimde ya\u015fayan yirmi milyon insan \u201ctoprak a\u011falar\u0131, zengin k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, muhalefet edenler veya k\u00f6t\u00fc unsurlar\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu yeni d\u0131\u015flanan kesim ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanma ve sivil haklar\u0131ndan mahrumiyet ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. Arazi reformu kampanyas\u0131 uzak b\u00f6lgelere ve etnik az\u0131nl\u0131k k\u00f6ylerine ula\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a \u00c7KP\u2019nin organizasyonlar\u0131 da s\u00fcratle geni\u015fledi. Kasaba parti komiteleri ve k\u00f6y parti birimleri t\u00fcm \u00c7in\u2019de yay\u0131ld\u0131. Yerel birimler \u00c7KP merkez komitesinden talimatlar\u0131 iletmek i\u00e7in arac\u0131l\u0131k yapt\u0131lar ve toprak a\u011falar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri te\u015fvik ederek, s\u0131n\u0131f kavgas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6n saf\u0131nda yer ald\u0131lar. Bu hareket s\u0131ras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 100,000 toprak a\u011fas\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc. Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde \u00c7KP ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler toprak a\u011fas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 tamamen silmek i\u00e7in kad\u0131n erkek demeden ya\u015fa bakmaks\u0131z\u0131n toprak a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n ailelerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7KP \u201cBa\u015fkan Mao halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck kurtar\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r\u201d ve \u201csadece \u00c7KP \u00c7in\u2019i kurtarabilir\u201d diyerek ilk propaganda dalgas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Arazi reformu s\u0131ras\u0131nda topraks\u0131z \u00e7ift\u00e7iler \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 almak, hangi yolla olursa olsun h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapmak politikas\u0131 sayesinde istediklerini elde ettiler. Zavall\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcler hayatlar\u0131ndaki iyile\u015fme i\u00e7in \u00c7KP\u2019ye inand\u0131lar ve partinin insanlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 propagandas\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6ylece kabul ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f arazilerin sahipleri i\u00e7in \u201cToprak i\u015f\u00e7isine arazi\u201d slogan\u0131n\u0131n iyi g\u00fcnleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130ki sene i\u00e7inde \u00c7KP \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131mla\u015fma gruplar\u0131, esas kooperatifler, ileri kooperatifler ve halk\u0131n kom\u00fcnleri gibi baz\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 empoze etti. \u201cAya\u011f\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u201d- yani yava\u015f hareket edenler -ele\u015ftiri slogan\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak \u00c7KP y\u0131llarca k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri sosyalizme s\u00fcratle ge\u00e7meye zorlad\u0131. Hububat, pamuk ve ya\u011f ulusal \u00e7apta birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f sat\u0131n alma sistemine ge\u00e7irildi\u011finden esas tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri pazarda al\u0131p sat\u0131lam\u0131yordu. \u0130lave olarak, \u00c7KP ikamet kay\u0131t sistemini tesis etti ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclere i\u015f veya ikamet bulmak i\u00e7in \u015fehirlere gitmeyi yasaklad\u0131. K\u0131rsal kesimde oturma kayd\u0131 olanlar\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen d\u00fckkanlardan hububat almalar\u0131na izin verilmedi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fehirlerde e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmeleri yasakland\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 sadece k\u00f6yl\u00fc olabilirdi ve b\u00f6ylece 1950\u2019lerin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda k\u0131rsal kesimde oturan 360 milyon insan\u0131 ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f vatanda\u015f durumuna getirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1978\u2019den ba\u015flayarak kolektif sistemden hane kontrat sistemine ge\u00e7ildikten sonra ilk be\u015f senede 900 milyon k\u00f6yl\u00fc aras\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131 daha iyi duruma geldi, gelirleri biraz olsun artt\u0131 ve sosyal stat\u00fcleri de geli\u015fti. Ancak, end\u00fcstriyel mallar\u0131 tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine g\u00f6re tercih edilen duruma getiren fiyat politikas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck fayda da hemen yok oldu ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler tekrar fakirlik i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. \u015eehir ve k\u0131rsal n\u00fcfus aras\u0131ndaki gelir fark\u0131 \u00e7ok artt\u0131 ve ekonomik kutupla\u015fma artmaya devam etti. K\u0131rsal alanlarda yeni toprak a\u011falar\u0131 ve zengin k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00c7KP\u2019nin yay\u0131n organ\u0131  Xinhua Haber Ajans\u0131\u2019ndan al\u0131nan veriler 1997 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri esas hububat \u00fcretim b\u00f6lgelerindeki has\u0131lat\u0131n ve k\u0131rsal evlerin \u00e7o\u011fundaki gelirin sabit oldu\u011funu, hatta baz\u0131 durumlarda azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimden elde ettikleri kazan\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekte artmad\u0131. \u015eehir kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131rsal kesim kazan\u00e7lar\u0131na oran\u0131 ise 1980 ortalar\u0131nda 1.8\u2019e 1 iken bug\u00fcn bu oran 3.1\u2019e 1 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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II. Sanayi ve Ticarette Reformlar\u2014Kapitalist S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Ortadan Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin elimine etmek istedi\u011fi di\u011fer bir s\u0131n\u0131f ise \u015fehirlerde ve k\u0131rsal kasabalarda sermayeyi elinde tutan ulusal burjuvayd\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019in sanayisini ve ticaretini reformdan ge\u00e7irirken, \u00c7KP kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal olarak birbirinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu iddia ediyordu: birincisi s\u00f6m\u00fcren s\u0131n\u0131fken ikincisi ise s\u00f6m\u00fcrmeyen ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131. Bu mant\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6re kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in do\u011fmu\u015ftu ve mahvolana kadar b\u00f6yle hareket etmekten kendini alamazd\u0131; sadece ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131labilirdi, yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lamazd\u0131. Bu varsay\u0131mlar alt\u0131nda \u00c7KP kapitalistleri ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in cinayetleri ve beyin y\u0131kamay\u0131 kulland\u0131. \u00c7KP kendini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f olan itaat edenleri destekleme ve ayn\u0131 fikirde olmayanlar\u0131 mahvetme metodunu kulland\u0131. E\u011fer varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 devlete devretmi\u015fseniz ve \u00c7KP\u2019yi desteklemi\u015fseniz halk\u0131n aras\u0131nda sadece \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir problem olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordunuz. Fakat, di\u011fer taraftan, \u00c7KP\u2019nin politikalar\u0131n\u0131 benimsemiyor veya \u015fikayet ediyorsan\u0131z bir muhalif olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordunuz ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin zalim diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn hedefi oluyordunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu reformlar\u0131 takip eden ter\u00f6r iktidar\u0131nda kapitalistler ve i\u015f sahiplerinin hepsi varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 devlete devrettiler. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu bu utan\u0131lacak duruma dayanamad\u0131 ve intihar etti. O zamanlar Shanghai belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan Chen Yi binalar\u0131n tepesinden o g\u00fcn kendilerini atarak intihar eden kapitalist say\u0131s\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunarak \u201cBug\u00fcn ka\u00e7 adet para\u015f\u00fct birli\u011fi var?\u201d diye her g\u00fcn sordu. Birka\u00e7 sene i\u00e7inde \u00c7KP, \u00c7in\u2019deki \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetleri tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arazi ve sanayi reformu programlar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirirken \u00c7KP, \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131 cezaland\u0131ran bir\u00e7ok geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 hareket ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu hareketler \u015funlar\u0131 kapsad\u0131: \u201ckar\u015f\u0131 ihtilalcilerin\u201d bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Gao Gang ve Rao Shushi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yap\u0131lan \u00c7KP kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 gruplar\u0131n temizlenmesi ve Hu Feng\u2019in [3] \u201ckar\u015f\u0131 devrimci\u201d grubunun ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.  \u00dc\u00e7 Anti Kampanya, Be\u015f Anti Kampanya\u2019ya soru\u015fturma ve kar\u015f\u0131 ihtilalcilerin yine temizlenmesi. \u00c7KP bu hareketleri say\u0131s\u0131z masum insan\u0131 hedef almak ve zalimce cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131. Her politik harekette \u00c7KP h\u00fck\u00fcmet kaynaklar\u0131ndaki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc Partinin komiteleri, b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri ve alt b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri ile birlikte tam olarak kulland\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 parti \u00fcyesi bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck operasyon ekibi kurarak k\u00f6ylere ve civar yerlere s\u0131zd\u0131lar. Bu operasyon ekipleri her zaman haz\u0131r vaziyetteydi ve her ta\u015f\u0131 kald\u0131rarak ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapt\u0131lar. \u00c7KP\u2019nin sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki \u201cOrdu i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilen parti kollar\u0131\u201d a\u011f\u0131ndan miras kalan bu yerle\u015fmi\u015f Parti kontrol a\u011f\u0131 daha sonraki politik hareketlerde de \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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III. Dinlere ve Dini Gruplara Bask\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra dinin zalimce bask\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tabandan gelen dini gruplar\u0131n tamamen yasaklanmas\u0131 konusunda \u00c7KP ba\u015fka bir zalimce k\u0131y\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7KP resmi olmayan dini inan\u00e7lar\u0131n ve gizli topluluklar\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yerel y\u00f6netimlere talimat verdi. \u00c7KP bu \u201cfeodal\u201d yer alt\u0131 gruplar\u0131n\u0131n toprak a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n, zengin \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin, muhaliflerin ve KMT\u2019nin \u00f6zel ajanlar\u0131n\u0131n elinde sadece bir alet gibi kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. Ulusal \u00e7aptaki bu bask\u0131 alt\u0131na alma durumunda dini gruplar\u0131n \u00fcyelerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak ve cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00fcvendi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 seferber etti. \u00c7e\u015fitli seviyelerdeki y\u00f6netimler Hristiyan, Katolik, Taoist (bilhassa I-Kuan Tao inananlar\u0131) ve Budist topluluklar gibi \u201cbat\u0131l gruplar\u0131\u201d yasaklamak i\u00e7in direkt olarak gayret g\u00f6sterdiler. Bunu yerine getirmemek \u00e7ok sert cezalara maruz kalmak demekti. 1951 y\u0131l\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet resmi y\u00f6netmelik \u00e7\u0131kartarak resmi olmayan dini gruplarda faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrenlerin \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu hapis veya \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facaklar\u0131 tehdidinde bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu hareket \u00e7ok fazla say\u0131da iyi kalpli ve kanuna sayg\u0131l\u0131, tanr\u0131ya inanan insan\u0131 cezaland\u0131rd\u0131. Tam olmayan istatistikler \u00c7KP\u2019nin 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan en a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 milyon dini inan\u00e7l\u0131 ki\u015fiye ve yer alt\u0131 grubu \u00fcyelerine zulmetti\u011fini ifade etmektedir. \u00c7KP \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda her evi arad\u0131 ve oturanlar\u0131 sorguya \u00e7ekti, hatta \u00c7in k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin geleneksel olarak tapt\u0131klar\u0131 Mutfak Tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n heykellerini bile par\u00e7alad\u0131lar. Bu yap\u0131lanlar \u00c7KP\u2019nin kom\u00fcnist ideolojisinin tek me\u015fru ideoloji ve tek me\u015fru inan\u00e7 oldu\u011fu mesaj\u0131n\u0131 kuvvetlendirdi. \u201cVatansever\u201d inananlar kavram\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Devlet anayasas\u0131 sadece \u201cvatansever\u201d inananlar\u0131 korudu. Ger\u00e7ek \u015fuydu ki, bir kimse hangi dine inan\u0131rsa inans\u0131n sadece bir kriter vard\u0131: \u00c7KP\u2019nin talimatlar\u0131n\u0131 takip etmek zorundayd\u0131n\u0131z ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin t\u00fcm dinlerin \u00fcst\u00fcnde oldu\u011funu kabul etmek durumundayd\u0131n\u0131z. E\u011fer Hristiyan iseniz \u00c7KP Hristiyan tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tanr\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. E\u011fer Budistseniz \u00c7KP Ana Buda\u2019n\u0131n Ana Budas\u0131yd\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda \u00c7KP Allah\u2019\u0131n Allah\u0131yd\u0131. Tibet Budizmin de Ya\u015fayan Buda\u2019ya gelince, \u00c7KP araya girer ve Ya\u015fayan Buda\u2019n\u0131n kim olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendisi se\u00e7erdi. Ne s\u00f6ylenmesi ve ne yap\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda talep etti\u011fi \u015feyler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00c7KP kimseye ba\u015fka bir se\u00e7enek b\u0131rakmazd\u0131. T\u00fcm inananlar kendi inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 sadece isim olarak muhafaza edip \u00c7KP\u2019nin ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmeye zorland\u0131lar. Bunu yapmamak \u00c7KP\u2019nin diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve cezaland\u0131rmas\u0131na hedef olmak demekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22 \u015eubat 2002 tarihli Humanity and Human Rights (\u0130nsanl\u0131k ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131) internet dergisinin raporuna g\u00f6re yirmi bin H\u0131ristiyan, \u00c7in\u2019in 22 b\u00f6lgesindeki 207 \u015fehirde bulunan ev kiliselerinde ibadet eden 560,000 H\u0131ristiyan aras\u0131nda bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapt\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ev kilisesine kat\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda 130,000 ki\u015finin h\u00fck\u00fcmetin g\u00f6zetimi alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu tespit etti. How the Chinese Communist Party Persecuted Christians (1958) (\u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Cezaland\u0131rd\u0131) adl\u0131 kitap 1957 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle \u00c7KP\u2019nin 11,000\u2019den fazla dinine ba\u011fl\u0131 ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00e7ok daha fazla insan\u0131 keyfi olarak hapse att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve zorla paralar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, toprak a\u011falar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 ve kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131p, olduk\u00e7a fazla say\u0131da Tanr\u0131\u2019ya inanan ve kanuna sayg\u0131l\u0131 insan\u0131 cezaland\u0131rarak, Kom\u00fcnizmin \u00c7in\u2019in herkese yol g\u00f6steren dini olmas\u0131 yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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IV. Sa\u011f Kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 Hareket\u2014Ulusal \u00c7apta Beyin Y\u0131kama<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir grup Macar entelekt\u00fcel Macar h\u00fck\u00fcmetini ele\u015ftiren m\u00fcnazaralar ve forumlar d\u00fczenleyen Petofi Circle\u2019\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. Grup Macaristan\u2019da Sovyet askerleri taraf\u0131ndan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclen ulusal bir devrimin ilk fitilini ate\u015fledi. Mao Zedong bu \u201cMacar Olay\u0131n\u0131\u201d bir ders olarak ald\u0131. 1957 senesinde Mao, \u00c7KP\u2019nin kendisini yenilemesi i\u00e7in \u00c7in entelekt\u00fcellerine ve di\u011fer insanlara \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulundu. K\u0131saca \u201cY\u00fcz \u00c7i\u00e7ek Hareketi\u201d diye bilinen bu hareket \u201cb\u0131rak y\u00fcz \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7s\u0131n ve y\u00fcz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce m\u00fccadele etsin\u201d slogan\u0131n\u0131 takip etti. Mao\u2019nun amac\u0131 insanlar aras\u0131ndaki \u201cParti kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 unsurlar\u0131\u201d oltaya getirmekti. Mao Zedong 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6lgesel Parti ba\u015fkanlar\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektubunda, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce h\u00fcrriyeti ve \u00c7KP\u2019yi yenileme ad\u0131na fikirlerini serbest\u00e7e ifade etmelerine izin vererek \u201cy\u0131lanlar\u0131 deli\u011finden \u00e7\u0131kartma\u201d niyetinden bahsetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6nemin sloganlar\u0131 insanlar\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrce konu\u015fmaya te\u015fvik etti ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda misilleme yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z\u00fc verildi \u2013 Parti \u201cdomuz kuyruklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmeyecek, sopalarla vurmayacak, \u015fapka takmayacak veya sonbahardan sonra hesaplar\u0131 g\u00f6rmeyecek\u201d anlam\u0131nda, parti hata bulmayacak, sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunmayacak, insanlar\u0131 etiketlemeyecek ve kar\u015f\u0131 koymak i\u00e7in bahane aramayacakt\u0131. Fakat k\u0131sa zaman i\u00e7inde \u00c7KP \u201csa\u011f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d hareket ba\u015flatt\u0131, konu\u015fmaya cesaret eden 540,000 ki\u015fiyi \u201csa\u011fc\u0131\u201d olarak ilan etti. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda 270,000 ki\u015fi i\u015fini kaybetti ve 230,000 ki\u015fi de \u201c\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131\u201d veya \u201canti-\u00c7KP, anti sosyalist\u201d olarak etiketlendirildi. Daha sonralar\u0131 baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00c7KP\u2019nin cezaland\u0131rma politikas\u0131 stratejisini d\u00f6rt birime ay\u0131rd\u0131: Y\u0131lanlar\u0131 deli\u011finden \u00e7\u0131kartmak; su\u00e7lar\u0131 uydurmak, aniden sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7mek ve tek bir su\u00e7lama ile cezaland\u0131rma; insanlar\u0131 kurtarma ad\u0131na zalimce sald\u0131rmak; kendini ele\u015ftirmeye zorlama ve en sert ithamlarda bulunmak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki o zaman, bir\u00e7ok sa\u011fc\u0131n\u0131n ve kom\u00fcnist kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkenin en \u00fccra k\u00f6\u015felerine yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 y\u0131ld\u0131r s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmelerine sebep olan \u201cmuhalif konu\u015fmalar\u201d ne idi? Zaman\u0131nda genel ve yo\u011fun sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n hedefi olan \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 esas muhalif teori\u201d Luo Longji, Zhang Bojun ve Chu Anping taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan birka\u00e7 konu\u015fmadan ibaretti. \u00d6nerdiklerine ve tavsiye ettiklerine yak\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise isteklerinin olduk\u00e7a masum oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Luo, \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 Kar\u015f\u0131t Kampanya\u201d ve \u201cBe\u015f Kar\u015f\u0131t Kampanya\u201ddan sapmalar\u0131 ve muhalifleri tasfiye hareketini ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00c7KP ve de\u011fi\u015fik \u201cdemokratik\u201d partilerden bir ortak komisyon kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerdi. Devlet Konseyi, Politik Dan\u0131\u015fma Komitesine ve Halk Kongresine incelemeleri ve yorumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u00e7a bir \u015feyler sundu ve Zhang, Politik Dan\u0131\u015fma Komitesinin ve Halk Kongresinin karar verme i\u015flemi i\u00e7ine dahil edilmesini tavsiye etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP \u00fcyesi olmayanlar\u0131n da iyi fikirlere, haysiyet ve sorumluluk duygusuna sahip oldu\u011fundan Chu, \u00c7KP \u00fcyelerinin \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck her \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00fcnitesinin ba\u015f\u0131, hatta her \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00fcnitesi alt\u0131ndaki ekiplerin de ba\u015f\u0131 olarak atanmas\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir gere\u011fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerdi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nemli \u00f6nemsiz her \u015feyin, \u00c7KP \u00fcyelerinin tavsiye ettikleri \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fi yoktu. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fc de \u00c7KP\u2019yi takip etmek konusundaki arzular\u0131n\u0131 ifade ettiler ve hi\u00e7biri tavsiyelerinde yazar Lu Xun\u2019un [4] \u00fcnl\u00fc s\u00f6z\u00fcyle beyan edilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fmad\u0131lar \u201cEfendim, k\u0131yafetiniz kirlenmi\u015f. L\u00fctfen \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131n ve ben sizin i\u00e7in onu y\u0131kay\u0131m.\u201d Lu Xun gibi bu \u201csa\u011fc\u0131lar\u201d da boyun e\u011fme, uysall\u0131k ve sayg\u0131 ifadelerinde bulundular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lanetlenmi\u015f \u201csa\u011fc\u0131lar\u0131n\u201d hi\u00e7biri \u00c7KP\u2019nin iktidardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini \u00f6nermedi; b\u00fct\u00fcn teklif ettikleri yap\u0131c\u0131 ele\u015ftiriydi. Buna ra\u011fmen tam bu \u00f6nerilerden dolay\u0131 binlerce insan h\u00fcrriyetini kaybetti ve milyonlarca aile \u00e7ile \u00e7ekti. Bunlar\u0131 takip eden  \u201c\u00c7KP\u2019ye i\u00e7ini d\u00f6kmek\u201d, muhafazakarlar\u0131 bulup \u00e7\u0131kartmak, yeni \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 Kar\u015f\u0131t Kampanya\u201d, a\u011f\u0131r i\u015f\u00e7ilik yapmak \u00fczere entelekt\u00fcelleri k\u0131rsal alana yollamak ve ilk seferde g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7an sa\u011fc\u0131lar\u0131 yakalamak gibi daha fazla hareket idi. \u0130\u015f yerinin lideri ve bilhassa parti sekreteri ile anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan ki\u015filer \u00c7KP kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7KP onlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli ele\u015ftiriye tabii tuttu veya zorunlu yeniden e\u011fitim i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7i kamplar\u0131na yollad\u0131. Parti bazen t\u00fcm aileleri k\u0131rsal alanlara yeniden yerle\u015ftirir, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n okula gitmelerine veya orduya kat\u0131lmalar\u0131na engel olurdu. \u015eehirlerde veya kasabalarda i\u015f ba\u015fvurusu da yapamazlard\u0131. Aileler i\u015f g\u00fcvencesini ve kamu sa\u011fl\u0131k yararlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybederlerdi. K\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck mensuplar\u0131 olur, hatta ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f vatanda\u015flar aras\u0131nda bile toplumdan d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015f muamelesi g\u00f6r\u00fcrlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entelekt\u00fcellere zul\u00fcm edilmesinden sonra baz\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131 iki y\u00fczl\u00fc bir ki\u015filik geli\u015ftirdiler. Yak\u0131ndan \u201cK\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015fi\u201d takip ettiler ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin istedi\u011fi \u015feyleri yapan veya s\u00f6yleyen \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u201catanm\u0131\u015f entellekt\u00fcelleri oldular\u201d. Di\u011ferleri so\u011fuk davrand\u0131lar ve kendilerini politik meselelerden uzak tuttular. Millete kar\u015f\u0131 geleneksel olarak kuvvetli sorumluluk duygusuna sahip \u00c7in entelekt\u00fcelleri o zamandan beri susturulmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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V. \u0130leriye Do\u011fru B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u0131\u00e7rama\u2014Halk\u0131n Sadakatini \u00d6l\u00e7mek \u0130\u00e7in Yalanlar\u0131n Yarat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anti-Sa\u011f Hareketinden sonra \u00c7in ger\u00e7eklerden korkar oldu. Herkes uydurma kelimeleri dinlemek, yalan hikayeler anlatmak, uydurma masallar ortaya atmak, yalanlar ve dedikodular vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ger\u00e7eklerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ve onlar\u0131 \u00f6rt bas etmek i\u00e7in birle\u015fti. \u0130leriye do\u011fru b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131\u00e7rama yalanc\u0131l\u0131k konusunda ulusal boyutta kolektif bir uygulamayd\u0131. \u00c7KP\u2019nin k\u00f6t\u00fc hayaleti alt\u0131nda \u00fclkenin t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok sa\u00e7ma \u015feyler yapt\u0131lar. Hem yalan s\u00f6yleyenler hem de yalan s\u00f6ylenenler aldat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu yalanlar ve sa\u00e7ma faaliyetlerin kampanyas\u0131nda \u00c7KP \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren, k\u00f6t\u00fc enerjisini \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n ruhani d\u00fcnyas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirdi. O zamanlar bir \u00e7ok insan \u201c\u0130leriye Do\u011fru B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u0131\u00e7rama\u201dy\u0131 y\u00fccelten \u015fark\u0131lar s\u00f6yledi, \u201cBen Ye\u015fim \u0130mparatorum ve ben Ejderha Kral\u0131m. \u00dc\u00e7 da\u011f\u0131n ve be\u015f vadinin kenara \u00e7ekilmesini emrediyorum, bak\u0131n ben geliyorum!\u201d [5] \u201cHektar ba\u015f\u0131na 75,000kg hububat \u00fcretimi elde etmek\u201d, \u201c\u00e7elik \u00fcretimini iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmak\u201d ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019yi 10 senede ve Birle\u015fik Devletleri 15 sene i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7mek\u201d gibi politikalar senelerce tekrar edildi. Bu politikalar milyonlarca insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcren ulusal \u00e7apta ac\u0131ya ve a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa sebep oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda Lushan\u2019da yap\u0131lan \u00c7KP Merkez Komitesinin sekizinci kurul toplant\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki General Peng Dehuai\u2019nin [6] \u0130leriye Do\u011fru B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u0131\u00e7raman\u0131n Mao Zedong taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul etmeyenler aptal m\u0131yd\u0131? Buna ra\u011fmen, Mao\u2019nun politikas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek ya da desteklememek sadakat ile ihanet, ya\u015fam ile \u00f6l\u00fcm aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7izgiyi i\u015faret ediyordu.  \u00c7in tarihindeki bir hikayede Zhao Gao [7] bir geyi\u011fin at oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011finde geyik ile at aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 biliyordu, fakat kamu nabz\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek, m\u00fcnaka\u015falar\u0131 susturmak ve kendi iktidar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak geyi\u011fe at dedi. Lushan Kurul Toplant\u0131s\u0131 Peng Dehuai\u2019nin bile kendini k\u0131namas\u0131 ve merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetten tasfiye edilmesi i\u00e7in bir karara zorla imza atmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Benzer \u015fekilde, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Deviriminin sonraki y\u0131llar\u0131nda Deng Xiaoping, kendisinin g\u00f6revlerinden istifas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen h\u00fck\u00fcmet karar\u0131na asla itiraz etmeyece\u011fine dair s\u00f6z vermeye zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplum d\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlamak ve ufuklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mi\u015f tecr\u00fcbelere dayan\u0131r. Ancak \u00c7KP insanlardan tarihsel tecr\u00fcbe ve derslerden \u00f6\u011frenme f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekip ald\u0131. Medyaya resmi olarak sans\u00fcr uygulanmas\u0131 sadece insanlar\u0131n iyi ile k\u00f6t\u00fcy\u00fc ay\u0131rt edebilme kapasitesini daha da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Her politik hareketten sonra gen\u00e7 nesillere sadece Partinin y\u00fcceltme hikayeleri verildi, fakat daha ya\u015fl\u0131 nesillerin vak\u0131f insanlar\u0131n\u0131n analizleri, idealleri ve tecr\u00fcbelerinden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bunun sonucu olarak, tarihi anlamak ve yeni olaylara karar verebilmek i\u00e7in dayanak olarak insanlar sadece da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k bilgilere sahipler, kendilerini do\u011fru olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrken asl\u0131nda ger\u00e7eklerden binlerce mil sapm\u0131\u015f durumdalar. B\u00f6ylece \u00c7KP\u2019nin insanlar\u0131 cahil b\u0131rakma politikas\u0131 tamamen yerine getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

******************<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 VI. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi\u2014K\u00f6t\u00fc Hayaletin \u00c7in\u2019i Ele Ge\u00e7irmesi ile D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Alt\u0131 \u00dcst\u00fcne Getirildi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi, t\u00fcm \u00c7in\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra kom\u00fcnist hayalet taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konan g\u00f6rkemli bir performanst\u0131. 1966 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeni bir \u015fiddet dalgas\u0131 \u00c7in karas\u0131na geldi ve kontrol edilemez bir k\u0131z\u0131l ter\u00f6r da\u011flar\u0131 sallad\u0131 ve nehirleri dondurdu. Yazar Qin Mu K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimini b\u00f6yle kasvetli bir \u015fekilde anlatt\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekten e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir felaketti: [\u00c7KP] [hedef] aile \u00fcyelerinden biri ile yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 milyonlar\u0131 hapse att\u0131, milyonlarca fazlas\u0131n\u0131n da hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirdi, aileleri par\u00e7alad\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 serseri ve su\u00e7lular haline getirdi, kitaplar\u0131 yakt\u0131, tarihi binalar\u0131 y\u0131kt\u0131 ve entelekt\u00fcellerin tarihi mezarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 par\u00e7alad\u0131, devrim ad\u0131na bir \u00e7ok su\u00e7lar i\u015fledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019deki do\u011fal olmayan \u00f6l\u00fcmler ihtiyatl\u0131 rakamlarla 7.73 milyondur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanlar yan\u0131lg\u0131yla K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015fiddetin ve katliam\u0131n daha \u00e7ok isyan hareketleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda oldu\u011funu ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeleri K\u0131z\u0131l muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n ve isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Ancak resmi olarak bas\u0131lan binlerce \u00c7in b\u00f6lgesel y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir ki, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda do\u011fal olmayan \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin en \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu zaman K\u0131z\u0131l Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu kontrol etti\u011fi 1966 senesi veya isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n silahl\u0131 farkl\u0131 gruplarla sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 1967 senesi de\u011fil, Mao\u2019nun b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkeyi kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 1968 senesidir. Bu ad\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f durumlarda katiller genellikle ordu subaylar\u0131 ve askerleri, silahl\u0131 militan gruplar\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin her seviyedeki \u00c7KP \u00fcyeleriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekler K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki \u015fiddetin, \u00c7KP ve b\u00f6lgesel h\u00fck\u00fcmetin politikas\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve K\u0131z\u0131l muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00c7KP, parti liderleri ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet memurlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131ndaki direk k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve olaylara kar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 gizlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u011fustos 1966\u2019da K\u0131z\u0131l muhaf\u0131zlar ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u201ctoprak a\u011falar\u0131, zengin \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, k\u00f6t\u00fc unsurlar ve sa\u011fc\u0131lar\u201d olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Pekin sakinlerini \u015fehirden att\u0131 ve onlar\u0131 k\u0131rsal alanlara gitmeye zorlad\u0131. Tam olmayan resmi istatistikler 33,695 evin arand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve 85,196 Pekin sakininin \u015fehirden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ailelerinin ilk geldikleri yere geri yolland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkedeki K\u0131z\u0131l muhaf\u0131zlar ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u015fehirlerde oturan 400,000\u2019den fazla insan\u0131 k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelere gitmeye zorlad\u0131lar. Aileleri toprak a\u011falar\u0131 olmu\u015f y\u00fcksek mevkideki memurlar bile k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgeye s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda \u00c7KP \u015fehirden atma kampanyas\u0131n\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce planlad\u0131. Daha \u00f6nceki Pekin Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Peng Zhen, Pekin \u015fehrinde oturanlar\u0131n ideolojik olarak \u201ccam paneller ve kristaller\u201d kadar saf olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini yani k\u00f6t\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan b\u00fct\u00fcn oturanlar\u0131n \u015fehirden at\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beyan etmi\u015fti. May\u0131s 1966\u2019da Mao \u201cba\u015f \u015fehri korumak\u201d i\u00e7in emrindekilere talimat verdi. Ye Jianying, Yang Chengwu ve Xie Fuzhi liderli\u011finde bir ba\u015fkent \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ekibi kuruldu. Bu ekibin g\u00f6revlerinden biri k\u00f6t\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan Pekin sakinlerini \u015fehirden atmak i\u00e7in polisi kullanmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tarih, olaylara h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ve polis birimlerinin neden m\u00fcdahale etmekten \u00e7ok evleri aramada ve Pekin sakinlerinin y\u00fczde ikisinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fehirden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmada K\u0131z\u0131l Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131 destekledi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Kamu G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Bakan\u0131 olan Xie Fuzhi\u2019nin polise, K\u0131z\u0131l muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n faaliyetlerine m\u00fcdahale etmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, onlara tavsiye ve bilgi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. K\u0131z\u0131l Muhaf\u0131zlar sadece Parti taraf\u0131ndan planlanm\u0131\u015f bir hareketi yerine getirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131 ve 1966 sonunda da bu K\u0131z\u0131l muhaf\u0131zlar \u00c7KP taraf\u0131ndan terkedildi. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu ihtilal kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 olarak vas\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve hapse at\u0131ld\u0131, geri kalanlar ise i\u015f\u00e7ilik yapmak ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmak \u00fczere di\u011fer \u015fehir gen\u00e7leriyle birlikte k\u0131rsal alana yolland\u0131. \u015eehir sakinlerinin s\u00fcr\u00fclmesine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden Bat\u0131 B\u00f6lgesi K\u0131z\u0131l Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131, \u00c7KP liderlerinin \u201cilgili\u201d rehberli\u011fi alt\u0131nda kuruldu. Yine de bu K\u0131z\u0131l Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131 su\u00e7lama emri Devlet Konseyi genel sekreteri taraf\u0131ndan revize edildikten sonra yay\u0131nland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6t\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f ge\u00e7mi\u015fli Pekin sakinlerinin yerlerinden edilmesini takiben, k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerde de k\u00f6t\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f unsurlar\u0131na yeniden zulmedilmesine ba\u015fland\u0131. 26 A\u011fustos, 1966\u2019da Xie Fuzhi\u2019nin bir konu\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma toplant\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Daxing Polis B\u00fcrosuna iletildi. Xie polise emir vererek,  \u201cbe\u015f kara s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d\u0131n (toprak a\u011falar\u0131, zengin k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, muhalifler, k\u00f6t\u00fc unsurlar ve sa\u011fc\u0131lar) evlerini ararken onlara tavsiye ve bilgi sa\u011flayarak ve bask\u0131nlara destek vererek K\u0131z\u0131l Muhaf\u0131zlara yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmalar\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Rezil Daxing Katliam\u0131 [8] polis biriminin direk talimat\u0131 sonucu meydana geldi; bu katliam\u0131 d\u00fczenleyenler polis birimin direkt\u00f6r\u00fc ve \u00c7KP sekreteriydi ve katiller \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 bile ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamayan bir militan grubuydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benzer katliamlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirenlerin \u00e7o\u011fu \u201ciyi davran\u0131\u015f\u201dlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00c7KP\u2019ye kabul edildiler. Guangxi B\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in tam olmayan istatistiklere g\u00f6re \u00f6ld\u00fcrme olaylar\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 50,000 \u00c7KP \u00fcyesi kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda 9,000\u2019den fazlas\u0131 birini \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fckten hemen sonra Parti\u2019ye kabul edildi, 20,000\u2019den fazlas\u0131 Parti\u2019ye kabul edildikten sonra cinayet i\u015fledi ve 19,000\u2019den fazla di\u011fer Parti \u00fcyeleri de bir \u015fekilde \u00f6ld\u00fcrme olaylar\u0131na kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131f teorisi d\u00f6vme olaylar\u0131na da uygulanmaktayd\u0131. E\u011fer iyi taraf\u0131ndan d\u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fcyse k\u00f6t\u00fc onu hak ediyordu. Bir k\u00f6t\u00fcn\u00fcn di\u011fer k\u00f6t\u00fcy\u00fc d\u00f6vmesi \u015ferefli bir \u015feydi. E\u011fer bir iyi ba\u015fka bir iyiyi d\u00f6vm\u00fc\u015fse bu bir yanl\u0131\u015f anlamayd\u0131. Mao taraf\u0131ndan icat edilen bu teori isyanc\u0131 hareket i\u00e7inde geni\u015f \u00e7apta yay\u0131ld\u0131. S\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 kendilerine kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u015fiddeti hak ettiler mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 takiben \u015fiddet ve katliam \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n bir hal ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1967 senesinin 13 A\u011fustos ile 7 Ekim tarihleri aras\u0131nda Hunan b\u00f6lgesinin Dao eyaletindeki militan grubu \u201cXiangjiang R\u00fczgar ve Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u201d \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn ve \u201cbe\u015f kara s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d\u0131n \u00fcyelerini katlettiler. Katliam 66 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrd\u00fc; 10 b\u00f6lgede 36 halk kom\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn 468 idari k\u00f6y\u00fcndeki 2,778 evde 4,519\u2019dan fazla insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 10 eyaletten meydana gelen h\u00fck\u00fcmet idaresindeki t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgede toplam 9,093 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, bunlardan %38\u2019i \u201cbe\u015f kara s\u0131n\u0131flar\u201d ve %44\u2019\u00fc \u00e7ocuklard\u0131. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen en ya\u015fl\u0131 ki\u015fi 78 ya\u015f\u0131nda ve en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise sadece 10 g\u00fcnl\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sadece K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6lgede meydana gelen \u015fiddetin bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. 1968 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u201cdevrim komitesinin\u201d kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra \u0130\u00e7 Mo\u011folistan\u2019da s\u0131n\u0131f temizli\u011fi ve uydurma \u201c\u0130\u00e7 Mo\u011folistan Halk \u0130htilal Partisi\u201d 350,000\u2019den fazla insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda Guangxi B\u00f6lgesinde on binlerce insan isyanc\u0131 grup \u201c422\u201d \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn katliam\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve 110,000\u2019den fazla insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00f6rnekler g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ki, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan vah\u015fi cinayetler, vatanda\u015flar\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in \u015fiddeti te\u015fvik eden ve kullanan \u00c7KP liderlerinin direk azmettirmesi ve talimatlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Cinayetlerin talimat\u0131n\u0131 verme ve yerine getirme i\u015fine direk olarak kar\u0131\u015fan bu katiller \u00e7o\u011funlukla askeriye, polis, silahl\u0131 militan ve Parti\u2019nin ve Gen\u00e7lik Kolu\u2019nun \u00f6nemli \u00fcyelerindendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fer Arazi Reformu s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7KP arazi elde etmek amac\u0131yla toprak a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131 atmak i\u00e7in k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri kulland\u0131ysa, Sanayi ve Ticaret Reformu s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7KP varl\u0131klar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek amac\u0131yla kapitalistleri devirmek i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131ysa ve Anti Sa\u011f Hareketi ile \u00c7KP kar\u015f\u0131t fikre sahip olan b\u00fct\u00fcn entelekt\u00fcelleri bertaraf ettiyse, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn bu cinayetlerin amac\u0131 neydi? \u00c7KP bir grubu di\u011ferini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131 ve hi\u00e7bir s\u0131n\u0131fa g\u00fcvenilmedi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i ya da k\u00f6yl\u00fc bile olsan\u0131z ki, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte bu ikisi de Parti\u2019nin g\u00fcvendi\u011fi iki s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131, e\u011fer fikirleriniz Parti\u2019nin fikirlerinden farkl\u0131 ise hayat\u0131n\u0131z tehlikedeydi. Peki i\u015fin sonunda, bunlar ne i\u00e7indi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama\u00e7, Kom\u00fcnizmi sadece devleti de\u011fil, her bireyin akl\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eden t\u00fcm \u00fclkede bask\u0131n tek din haline getirmekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi, \u00c7KP\u2019yi ve Mao Zedong\u2019un k\u00fclt ki\u015fili\u011fini en \u00fcst zirvesine ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Mao\u2019nun teorisi her \u015feyi dikte etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131 ve bir ki\u015finin vizyonu onlarca milyon insan\u0131n kafas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmeliydi. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devriminin bir bak\u0131ma emsali g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir ve hi\u00e7bir zaman emsali olmayacakt\u0131r, ne yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak belirtmemi\u015ftir. Onun yerine Parti \u015funu \u0131srarla ifade etmi\u015ftir \u201cne yap\u0131labilir ve nas\u0131l yap\u0131labilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yap\u0131lamaz ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez bile\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fclkede herkes dini rit\u00fcellere benzer bir rit\u00fcel yerine getirdi: \u201csabahlar\u0131 Partiden talimat al ve ak\u015famlar\u0131 Partiye rapor ver\u201d, Ba\u015fkan Mao\u2019yu g\u00fcnde birka\u00e7 defa selamla, ona sonsuz uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrler dile ve her g\u00fcn sabah ak\u015fam politik dualar oku. Hemen hemen her okumu\u015f insan kendi kendini ele\u015ftiren raporlar ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yazma tecr\u00fcbesini edindi. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi Mao\u2019nun s\u00f6yledikleri \u015feyler s\u0131kl\u0131kla ezberden tekrar edildi: \u201cAkl\u0131n\u0131zdan ge\u00e7en her bencil d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddetle m\u00fccadele edin.\u201d, \u201cAnlasan\u0131z da anlamasan\u0131z da talimatlar\u0131 yerine getirin; bunlar\u0131 yaparken anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 derinle\u015ftirin\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadece bir \u201cTanr\u0131\u201dya (Mao) tap\u0131nma izni verildi; sadece bir kitab\u0131n (Mao\u2019nun \u00f6\u011fretileri) okunmas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade edildi. \u201cTanr\u0131-yaratma\u201d i\u015flemi o derece ilerledi ki, insanlar Mao\u2019nun bir s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc tekrar etmeden veya ona sayg\u0131 ifadesinde bulunmadan kantinlerden yiyecek alamaz oldular. Al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, otob\u00fcste veya telefon konu\u015fmas\u0131 yaparken bile hi\u00e7 ilgisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde insan\u0131n Mao\u2019nun s\u00f6zlerinden birini tekrarlamas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Bu tap\u0131nma t\u00f6renlerinde insanlar ya fanatik ya da alayc\u0131 oluyorlard\u0131 ve her iki durumda da zaten kom\u00fcnist hayaletinin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndayd\u0131lar. Yalan \u00fcretme, yalana ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ve yalanlara itimat \u00c7in insan\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

******************<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VII. Reform ve A\u00e7\u0131lma\u2014\u015eiddetin Zaman \u0130\u00e7inde Geli\u015fmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi kanla, cinayetlerle, kederlerle, vicdan\u0131n yok olu\u015fuyla dolu ve do\u011fru ile yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131n birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdi. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devriminden sonra \u00c7KP liderli\u011fi 20 senede alt\u0131 defa el de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finden pankartlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyet \u00c7in\u2019e geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc, \u015fehirler ve k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131ndaki hayat \u015fartlar\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizlik artt\u0131, terkedilmi\u015f alan s\u00fcratle geni\u015fledi, nehir suyu kurumaya ba\u015flad\u0131, uyu\u015fturucu kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve fahi\u015felik artt\u0131. \u00c7KP\u2019nin m\u00fccadele etti\u011fi t\u00fcm \u201csu\u00e7lara\u201d art\u0131k tekrar izin verilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin zalim kalbi, \u00e7arp\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc hareketleri ve \u00fclkeyi mahvetme kabiliyeti artt\u0131. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tiananmen Katliam\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Parti, Tiananmen Meydan\u0131ndaki protestocu \u00f6\u011frencileri \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in orduyu ve tanklar\u0131 seferber etti. Falun Gong uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan zalim cezaland\u0131rma ise daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcyd\u00fc. Ekim 2004\u2019de ise k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden arazi almak i\u00e7in, Shanxi B\u00f6lgesindeki Yulin \u015eehrinde 50\u2019den fazla k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc tutuklamak ve vurmak i\u00e7in 1,600\u2019den fazla asayi\u015f polisini seferber etti. \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin politik kontrol\u00fc \u00c7KP\u2019nin kavga ve \u015fiddet felsefesine dayanmaya devam etmektedir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften tek fark\u0131 Partinin daha fazla aldat\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanun Koyma<\/strong>: \u00c7KP insanlar aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k yaratmay\u0131 asla b\u0131rakmad\u0131. \u00c7ok say\u0131da vatanda\u015f\u0131 muhalif, anti-sosyalist, k\u00f6t\u00fc unsurlar ve \u015feytani tarikat \u00fcyeleri olmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131lar ve cezaland\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u00c7KP\u2019nin totaliter yap\u0131s\u0131 di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn sivil gruplar ve kurulu\u015flar ile ters d\u00fc\u015fmeye devam etmektedir. \u201cD\u00fczeni korumak ve toplumu dengede tutmak\u201d ad\u0131na Parti, anayasalar\u0131, kanunlar\u0131 ve t\u00fcz\u00fckleri s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015ftirdi ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet ile ayn\u0131 fikirde olmayan herkesi muhalif olarak cezaland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temmuz 1999\u2019da Jiang Zemin Politb\u00fcro \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011funun arzular\u0131na ra\u011fmen Falun Gong\u2019u \u00fc\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde yok etmek i\u00e7in ki\u015fisel bir karar ald\u0131; iftira ve yalan t\u00fcm \u00fclkeyi s\u00fcratle sard\u0131. Jiang Zemin Frans\u0131z gazetesi La Figaro\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir r\u00f6portajda Falun Gong\u2019u \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc ruhlu tarikat\u201d olarak itham ettikten sonra, \u00fclkedeki herkesi Falun Gong\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 olmaya zorlayan makaleleri s\u00fcratle yay\u0131nlayarak \u00c7in resmi propagandas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Ulusal Halk Kongresi \u015feytani tarikatlar ile ilgili tarif edilemez bir \u201ckarar\u201d \u00e7\u0131kartmaya zorland\u0131; hemen bundan sonra Y\u00fcksek Halk Mahkemesi ve Y\u00fcksek Halk Temsilcili\u011fi birlikte bir karar \u201ca\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131\u201d yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22 Temmuz 1999\u2019da Xinhua Haber Ajans\u0131, \u00c7KP\u2019nin Organizasyon B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve Propoganda B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc liderleri taraf\u0131ndan Jiang\u2019\u0131n Falun Gong\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hareketi kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde destekleyen konu\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131. \u00c7in halk\u0131 bu zulm\u00fcn i\u00e7ine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu Parti taraf\u0131ndan verilen bir karard\u0131. Onlar sadece emirlere boyun e\u011febilirlerdi ve itiraz etmeye cesaret edemezlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015f sene i\u00e7inde h\u00fck\u00fcmet Falung Gong\u2019u cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00fclkenin mali kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birini kulland\u0131. \u00dclkede herkes bir testi ge\u00e7mek zorundayd\u0131; Falun Gong uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 kabul eden fakat onu uygulamay\u0131 b\u0131rakmay\u0131 reddeden insanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu i\u015flerini kaybetti; baz\u0131lar\u0131 zorla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya mahkum eildi. Falun Gong uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir kanuna kar\u015f\u0131 gelmedi, \u00fclkelerine ihanet etmedi veya h\u00fck\u00fcmete muhalif olmad\u0131; onlar sadece \u201cDo\u011fruluk, Merhamet ve Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc\u201d ye inand\u0131lar. Buna ra\u011fmen y\u00fcz binlerce insan hapse at\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7KP bilgi if\u015fa edilmemesi i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131 bir blokaj uygularken 1,100\u2019den fazla insan\u0131n i\u015fkenceyle \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc aileleri taraf\u0131ndan teyit edildi; \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin ger\u00e7ek say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok daha fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haber Raporlar\u0131:<\/strong> 15 Ekim 2004\u2019de Hong Kong merkezli Wenweipao \u00c7in\u2019in 20\u2019inci uydusunun d\u00fcnyaya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, Sichuan B\u00f6lgesinin Dayin Eyaletinde bulunan Penglai kasabas\u0131ndaki Huo Jiyu\u2019nun evine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve yerle bir etti\u011fini haberle\u015ftirdi. Haber, Dayin Eyaleti h\u00fck\u00fcmet b\u00fcro direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Ai Yuqing\u2019in \u201csiyah k\u00fctle\u201dnin uydu oldu\u011funu teyit ettikleri ifadesine at\u0131fta bulundu. Ai\u2019nin kendisi, uydu kurtarma projesinin saha direkt\u00f6r yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak, Xinhua Haber bunun \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131lan 20\u2019inci bilimsel ve teknik deneysel uydu oldu\u011funa vurgu yaparak sadece uydunun kurtar\u0131lma zaman\u0131n\u0131 haberle\u015ftirdi,  Xinhua Haber uydunun bir evi y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemedi. Bu, parti taraf\u0131ndan verilen talimatlar do\u011frultusunda \u00c7in haber medyas\u0131n\u0131n sadece iyi haberleri rapor etme ve k\u00f6t\u00fc haberlerin \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fc kapama uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gazetelerde ve televizyonda yay\u0131nlanan yalanlar ve iftiralar\u0131n \u00c7KP politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki t\u00fcm politik hareketlerde uygulanmas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131m\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Partinin emri \u00fclkedeki medya taraf\u0131ndan an\u0131nda yerine getirilirdi. Parti anti-sa\u011fc\u0131 hareketi ba\u015flatmak istedi\u011finde \u00c7in\u2019in her taraf\u0131ndaki medya tek bir ses halinde sa\u011fc\u0131lar\u0131n su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 haberle\u015ftirdi. Parti halk\u0131n kom\u00fcnlerini tesis etmek istedi\u011finde \u00fclkedeki her gazete halk\u0131n kom\u00fcnlerinin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u00f6vg\u00fc d\u00fczme\u011fe ba\u015flad\u0131. Falun Gong\u2019a zul\u00fcm edilmesinin birinci ay\u0131nda t\u00fcm televizyon ve radyo istasyonlar\u0131 halk\u0131n beynini y\u0131kamak i\u00e7in en \u00e7ok seyredilen saatlerde Falun Gong\u2019u s\u00fcrekli olarak karalad\u0131lar. O zamandan beri Jiang, Falun Gong hakk\u0131nda iftiralar ve yalanlar yaratmak ve yaymak i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli t\u00fcm medyay\u0131 kulland\u0131. Buna Falun Gong taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n cinayet i\u015fledikleri ve intihar ettikleri hakk\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f haberleri rapor ederek Falun Gong\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda nefret uyand\u0131rmak gayreti de dahildir. B\u00f6yle yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 haber vermeye bir \u00f6rnek ise Uluslararas\u0131 E\u011fitim Geli\u015ftirme derne\u011finin h\u00fck\u00fcmetin halk\u0131 aldatmak i\u00e7in sahneye koymakla ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u201cTiananmen Kendini Yakma\u201d olay\u0131d\u0131r. Son be\u015f sene i\u00e7inde hi\u00e7bir anakara \u00c7in gazetesi veya TV istasyonu Falun Gong hakk\u0131nda do\u011frular\u0131 rapor etmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in halk\u0131 do\u011fru olmayan haber raporlar\u0131na al\u0131\u015fk\u0131nd\u0131r. Xinhua Haber Ajans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcksek seviyedeki bir muhabiri bir defas\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti, \u201cXinhua haberlerine nas\u0131l g\u00fcvenebilirsin?\u201d \u0130nsanlar, \u00c7in haber ajanslar\u0131n\u0131 Parti\u2019nin k\u00f6pe\u011fi olarak bile tan\u0131mlad\u0131lar. Bir halk \u015fark\u0131s\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle ifade etmektedir: \u201cO, Parti taraf\u0131ndan yeti\u015ftirilen bir k\u00f6pektir, Parti\u2019nin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 korumaktad\u0131r. Parti\u2019nin \u0131s\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 istediklerini \u0131s\u0131r\u0131r ve Parti ne kadar \u00e7ok isterse o kadar \u0131s\u0131r\u0131r .\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitim:<\/strong> \u00c7in\u2019de e\u011fitim insanlar\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in bir ba\u015fka alet haline geldi. E\u011fitimin esas amac\u0131 entelekt\u00fcelleri hem bilgi hem de do\u011fru karar verebilme yetene\u011fine sahip olarak yeti\u015ftirmektir. Bilgi malumat\u0131n, verinin ve tarihsel olaylar\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunur; karar verebilme yetene\u011fi ise analiz edebilme, ara\u015ft\u0131rma, ele\u015ftirme ve bu bilgilerin \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemine at\u0131fta bulunur \u2013 bir ruhsal geli\u015fme i\u015flemi. Do\u011fru karar verebilmeden bilgi sahibi olanlara kitap kurdu denir, sosyal vicdan\u0131 olan ger\u00e7ek entelekt\u00fceller de\u011fildirler. Bundan dolay\u0131 \u00c7in tarihinde sadece bilgi sahibi olanlar de\u011fil, do\u011fru karar verebilen entelekt\u00fceller en \u00e7ok sayg\u0131 duyulanlard\u0131r. Ancak, \u00c7KP\u2019nin kontrol\u00fcnde \u00c7in, bilgi sahibi olan fakat h\u00fck\u00fcm veremeyen veya karar verme i\u015flemine cesaret edemeyen entelekt\u00fceller ile doldu. Okullardaki e\u011fitim Partinin onlar\u0131n yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 istemedi\u011fi \u015feyleri \u00f6\u011frencilere yapmamalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmeye odakland\u0131. Son y\u0131llarda b\u00fct\u00fcn okullar politikay\u0131 ve \u00c7KP tarihini birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f okul kitaplar\u0131 ile \u00f6\u011fretmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6\u011fretmenler metnin i\u00e7eri\u011fine inanmad\u0131lar, fakat Parti \u201cdisiplini\u201d taraf\u0131ndan kendi iradelerine ra\u011fmen \u00f6\u011fretmeye zorland\u0131lar. \u00d6\u011frenciler metne veya \u00f6\u011fretmenlerine inanmad\u0131lar, fakat imtihanlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in metindeki her \u015feyi hat\u0131rlamak zorundayd\u0131lar. Yak\u0131n zamanlarda Falun Gong hakk\u0131nda sorular kolejler ve liseler i\u00e7in ara ve giri\u015f imtihanlar\u0131na dahil edildi. Standart cevaplar\u0131 bilmeyen \u00f6\u011frenciler iyi kolejlere ve liselere girmek i\u00e7in yeterli y\u00fcksek notlar\u0131 alamazlar. E\u011fer bir \u00f6\u011frenci ger\u00e7e\u011fi s\u00f6ylemeye cesaret ederse derhal okuldan kovulur ve resmi bir e\u011fitim alma \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kamu e\u011fitim sisteminde, gazetelerin ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet dok\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisinden dolay\u0131, Mao\u2019nun \u015fu s\u00f6z\u00fc gibi bir\u00e7ok \u00e7ok bilinen deyi\u015fler ve deyimler ger\u00e7ek gibi yay\u0131ld\u0131; \u201cD\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n itiraz etti\u011fini biz desteklemeliyiz ve d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n destekledi\u011fine biz kar\u015f\u0131 koymal\u0131y\u0131z\u201d. Bunun olumsuz etkisi \u00e7ok geni\u015ftir: merhamet duygusunu yok edip, bar\u0131\u015f ve uyum i\u00e7inde ya\u015faman\u0131n ahlaki ilkelerini ortadan kald\u0131rarak insanlar\u0131n kalbini zehirledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in Bilgi Merkezi \u00c7in Sina Net taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 analiz etti ve sonu\u00e7lar \u00c7in gen\u00e7li\u011finin y\u00fczde 82.6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda kad\u0131n, \u00e7ocuk ve esirlerin istismar edilebilece\u011fini onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Bu sonu\u00e7 \u015fok edicidir. Fakat bu durum, \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00f6zellikle merhametli y\u00f6netimin geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr kavram\u0131ndan veya evrensel insanl\u0131k fikrinin temel anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan yoksun gen\u00e7 neslin ak\u0131l yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11 Eyl\u00fcl 2004\u2019de Suzhou \u015fehrinde bir adam delice 28 \u00e7ocu\u011fu b\u0131\u00e7ak ile kesti. Ayn\u0131 ay\u0131n 20\u2019sinde Shandong B\u00f6lgesinde bir adam 25 ilkokul \u00f6\u011frencisini b\u0131\u00e7akla yaralad\u0131. Baz\u0131 ilkokul \u00f6\u011fretmenleri okul i\u00e7in para toplanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla \u00f6\u011frencileri havai fi\u015fek yapmaya zorlad\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir patlamayla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politikalar\u0131n Uygulanmas\u0131:<\/strong> \u00c7KP liderleri politikalar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in genelde tehdit ve zorlamay\u0131 kulland\u0131lar. Kulland\u0131klar\u0131 metotlardan biri politik slogand\u0131. \u00c7KP uzun bir zaman, birinin politik kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in kriter olarak as\u0131lan sloganlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Pekin bir gecede posterlerden bir \u201ck\u0131z\u0131l deniz\u201d oldu, her yerde \u201cParti i\u00e7inde kapitalist y\u00f6neticiler kahrolsun sloganlar\u0131 vard\u0131. K\u0131rsal kesimde, ironik olarak, sloganlar daha k\u0131sayd\u0131 \u201c\u0130ktidardaki partiye son\u201d gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son zamanlarda Orman Kanununu yaymak i\u00e7in Devlet Orman B\u00fcrosu ve onun b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fubeleri ve orman koruma ofisleri standart miktarda sloganlar\u0131n konmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Miktara eri\u015filmemesi g\u00f6revin yerine getirilmedi\u011fi \u015feklinde kabul edilecekti. Bunun sonucu olarak, yerel h\u00fck\u00fcmet ofisleri \u201cKim da\u011flar\u0131 yakarsa hapse girer\u201d dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7ok miktarda sloganlar yerle\u015ftirdi. Son y\u0131llarda do\u011fum kontrol idaresinde \u201cE\u011fer bir ki\u015fi kanunu ihlal ederse t\u00fcm k\u00f6y had\u0131m edilecektir\u201d, \u201cBir bebek daha olaca\u011f\u0131na bir mezar daha olsun\u201d veya \u201cE\u011fer gerekti\u011fi gibi k\u0131s\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rma olmam\u0131\u015fsa evi y\u0131k\u0131lacakt\u0131r\u201d; \u201ce\u011fer gerekti\u011fi gibi k\u00fcrtaj olmam\u0131\u015fsa, inekleri ve pirin\u00e7 tarlas\u0131 elinden al\u0131nacakt\u0131r\u201d gibi \u00e7ok daha korkutucu sloganlar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cE\u011fer vergilerini bug\u00fcn \u00f6demezsen yar\u0131n hapiste uyursun\u201d gibi insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve anayasay\u0131 ihlal eden ba\u015fka sloganlar da mevcuttur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir slogan temelde reklam yapman\u0131n bir yoludur, fakat daha direkt ve tekrar edici \u015fekilde. Bundan dolay\u0131 \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti politik fikirleri, inan\u00e7lar\u0131 ve konumlar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in s\u0131kl\u0131kla sloganlar\u0131 kullanmaktad\u0131r. Politik sloganlar ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u00fck\u00fcmetin halk\u0131yla konu\u015ftu\u011fu kelimeler olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Ancak, \u00c7KP\u2019nin politika-yayma sloganlar\u0131nda \u015fiddet ve zul\u00fcm e\u011filimini hissetmek zor de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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 VIII. T\u00fcm \u00dclkenin Beynini Y\u0131ka ve Onu \u201cAk\u0131l Hapishanesine\u201d \u00c7evir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin zul\u00fcm y\u00f6netimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 en etkili silah onun kontrol sistemidir. \u00c7ok iyi organize olmu\u015f bir \u015fekilde, \u00c7KP vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n her birine boyun e\u011fme fikrini dayatmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar\u0131, kendilerine do\u011fal olarak bah\u015fedilmi\u015f olan insan haklar\u0131ndan sistematik bir \u015fekilde mahrum b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece Partinin kendi ile \u00e7eli\u015fki i\u00e7erisinde olmas\u0131 veya devaml\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir. H\u00fck\u00fcmetin kollar\u0131 her zaman her yerdedir. K\u0131rsal kesimde ya da \u015fehirlerde olsun vatanda\u015flar s\u00f6zde sokak veya kasaba komiteleri ile y\u00f6netilmektedir. Son y\u0131llara kadar evlenmek, bo\u015fanmak ve \u00e7ocuk sahibi olmak, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar i\u00e7in bu komitelerin onay\u0131na gereksinim vard\u0131. Partinin ideolojisi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme tarz\u0131, organizasyonlar\u0131, sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131, propaganda mekanizmas\u0131 ve idari sistemleri sadece onun diktat\u00f6rce ama\u00e7lar\u0131na hizmet etmektedirler. H\u00fck\u00fcmet sistemleri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Parti her bireyin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini ve hareketlerini kontrol etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin halk\u0131n\u0131 bu kadar merhametsizce kontrol etmesi uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fiziksel i\u015fkence ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Parti ayn\u0131 zamanda insanlar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme kabiliyetini kaybetmelerine zorlamaktad\u0131r ve onlar\u0131 konu\u015fmaya cesaret etmeyen, kendi kabu\u011funa \u00e7ekilmi\u015f korkaklara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektedir. \u00c7KP iktidar\u0131n\u0131n hedefi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n her birinin beynini y\u0131kamakt\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece onlar \u00c7KP gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr, konu\u015fur ve onun dedi\u011fini yaparlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u00f6yle bir deyi\u015f vard\u0131r; \u201cParti politikas\u0131 ay gibidir, her 15 g\u00fcnde bir de\u011fi\u015fir\u201d. Parti, politikas\u0131n\u0131 ne kadar s\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftirirse de\u011fi\u015ftirsin \u00fclkede herkesin onlar\u0131 yak\u0131ndan takip etmesi gerekir. Seni di\u011ferlerine sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Partiye, kuvvetini takdir etti\u011fi i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmelisin; ac\u0131 duydu\u011funda \u00c7KP\u2019ye \u201csana bir ders verdi\u011fi\u201d i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmelisin; yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla aleyhte bir davran\u0131\u015fa maruz kalm\u0131\u015fsan ve \u00c7KP sana daha sonra hakk\u0131n\u0131 iade etmi\u015fse, \u00c7KP\u2019ye c\u00f6mert, a\u00e7\u0131k fikirli oldu\u011fu ve hatalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmelisin. \u00c7KP zulm\u00fcn\u00fc, s\u00fcrekli bask\u0131lar ve ard\u0131ndan gelen telafiler ile s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

55 y\u0131ll\u0131k zul\u00fcmden sonra \u00c7KP ulusun akl\u0131n\u0131 hapsetti ve onun taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fcsaade edilen alanda tutuldu. Bir ki\u015finin bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesi bir su\u00e7 olarak kabul edilmektedir. Devaml\u0131 tekrar eden m\u00fccadelelerden sonra aptall\u0131k, bilgelik olarak \u00f6v\u00fclmektedir; korkak olmak hayatta kalman\u0131n bir yoludur. Bilgi al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015finin anak anal\u0131 olarak interneti kullanan bir modern toplumda \u00c7KP, halk\u0131na i\u00e7 disiplin g\u00f6stermesini ve d\u0131\u015fardan haber okumamalar\u0131n\u0131 veya web sitelerine \u201cinsan haklar\u0131\u201d ve \u201cdemokrasi\u201d gibi anahtar kelimeleri girmemelerini bile s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin halk\u0131n\u0131n beynini y\u0131kama hareketi anlams\u0131z, vah\u015fi ve al\u00e7ak\u00e7ad\u0131r, fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda her zaman her yerde mevcuttur. \u00c7in toplumunun ilkelerini ve ahlaki de\u011ferlerini bozmu\u015ftur ve ulusun davran\u0131\u015fsal standartlar\u0131n\u0131 ve hayat bi\u00e7imini tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Her yeri ku\u015fatan \u201c\u00c7KP dini\u201d ile \u00c7in\u2019i mutlak bir otorite ile y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in \u00c7KP s\u00fcrekli olarak akli ve fiziksel i\u015fkenceyi kullanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neden \u00c7KP iktidar\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza etmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli m\u00fccadele etmek zorundad\u0131r? Neden \u00c7KP hayat var olduk\u00e7a \u00e7eki\u015fmenin sonsuz olaca\u011f\u0131na inanmaktad\u0131r? Hedefini elde etmek i\u00e7in \u00c7KP insanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmekte veya ekolojik \u00e7evreyi mahvetmekte teredd\u00fct etmez ve ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun ve \u015fehirde ya\u015fayan bir \u00e7ok vatanda\u015f\u0131n yoksulluk i\u00e7inde ya\u015famas\u0131 da umurunda de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00c7KP, sonsuz \u00e7eki\u015fme i\u00e7ine Kom\u00fcnizmin ideolojisi i\u00e7in mi girmektedir? Cevap \u201cHay\u0131rd\u0131r\u201d. Kom\u00fcnist partisinin ilkelerinden biri \u00c7KP iktidara geldi\u011finde yapmay\u0131 denedi\u011fi \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakt\u0131r. \u00c7KP \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn temeli oldu\u011funa inand\u0131. Ancak, 1980\u2019deki ekonomik reformdan sonra \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete \u00c7in\u2019de tekrar m\u00fcsaade edildi ve Anayasa ile korundu. \u00c7KP yalanlar\u0131na bir bakarsak insanlar a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6receklerdir ki, 55 y\u0131ll\u0131k y\u00f6netiminde \u00c7KP m\u00fclkiyet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 dramas\u0131n\u0131 sadece sahneye koydu. B\u00f6yle birka\u00e7 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mdan sonra \u00c7KP ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n sermayesini kendi \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP kendisinin \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d oldu\u011funu iddia etmektedir. G\u00f6revi kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Ancak, \u00c7KP kararnameleri \u015fimdi kapitalistlere Partiye kat\u0131lmalar\u0131na su g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez bir \u015fekilde izin vermektedir. \u00c7KP \u00fcyeleri art\u0131k Partiye ve Kom\u00fcnizme inanmamaktad\u0131r ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin var olu\u015fu hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Kom\u00fcnist partisinden geriye kalan sadece s\u00f6zde muhteviyat\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015f kabu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzun vadeli m\u00fccadele \u00c7KP \u00fcyelerini yolsuzluktan uzak tutmak i\u00e7in miydi? Hay\u0131r. \u00c7KP\u2019nin iktidarda olmas\u0131ndan 55 sene sonra yolsuzluk, zimmet, kanunsuz hareketler, \u00fclkeye ve halka zarar veren faaliyetler hala t\u00fcm \u00fclke boyutunda \u00c7KP memurlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda geni\u015f \u00e7apta yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda \u00c7in\u2019deki yakla\u015f\u0131k toplam 20 milyon parti \u00fcyesi aras\u0131ndan sekiz milyonu yolsuzlukla ilgili su\u00e7lardan dolay\u0131 yarg\u0131land\u0131 ve cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Her y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon insan, haklar\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lamayan parti \u00fcyelerini daha y\u00fcksek mercilere \u015fik\u00e2yette bulunmaktad\u0131r. 2004\u2019\u00fcn Ocak ay\u0131ndan Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131na kadar \u00c7in D\u00f6viz B\u00fcrosu 35 bankada ve 41 \u015firkette kanun d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yabanc\u0131 para aklanmas\u0131 durumlar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve 120 milyon USD de\u011ferinde yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015flem buldu. Son y\u0131llardaki istatistiklere g\u00f6re en az 4,000 \u00c7KP memuru zimmetine ge\u00e7irdikleri paralarla \u00c7in\u2019den ka\u00e7t\u0131 ve devletten \u00e7ald\u0131klar\u0131 paralar\u0131n toplam\u0131 10 milyarlarca ABD dolar\u0131n\u0131 bulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fccadeleler insanlar\u0131n e\u011fitimini ve vicdan\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeyi ve onlar\u0131n ulusal meseleler ile ilgilenmelerini mi hedefliyordu? Cevap belirgin bir \u015fekilde \u201cHay\u0131rd\u0131r\u201d. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00c7in\u2019de maddiyat pe\u015finde ko\u015fmalar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve insanlar geleneksel d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck erdemini kaybetmektedir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n akrabalar\u0131n\u0131 aldatmalar\u0131 ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 doland\u0131rmalar\u0131 \u00e7ok normal hale gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 veya Falun Gong\u2019a yap\u0131lan zul\u00fcmler gibi \u00f6nemli konular hakk\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok \u00c7inli ya ilgisizdir ya da konu\u015fmay\u0131 reddetmektedir. Bir ki\u015finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini kendisine saklamas\u0131 ve ger\u00e7e\u011fi konu\u015fmamay\u0131 tercih etmesi \u00c7in\u2019de temel bir hayatta kalma becerisi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u00c7KP devaml\u0131 olarak bir\u00e7ok f\u0131rsatta insanlar\u0131n milli duygular\u0131n\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00c7KP, \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131 Amerikan el\u00e7ili\u011fine ta\u015f atmalar\u0131 ve Amerikan bayraklar\u0131n\u0131 yakmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in organize edebilir. \u00c7inliler itaat eden bir kitle veya vah\u015fi bir topluluk olarak muamele g\u00f6rd\u00fcler, fakat asla insan haklar\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f vatanda\u015flar olarak kabul edilmediler. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fme insanlar\u0131n vicdanlar\u0131n\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in temel dayanakt\u0131r. Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs ve Men\u00e7ius\u2019un ahlaki ilkeleri binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r ahlaki standartlar ve ilkeler tesis etti. \u201cE\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn bu [ahlaki] ilkeler terkedilirse, insanlar\u0131n yolundan gidece\u011fi hi\u00e7bir kanun kalmaz ve iyi ile k\u00f6t\u00fcy\u00fc ay\u0131rt edemezler. Y\u00f6nlerini kaybederler….Tao par\u00e7alan\u0131r.\u201d [9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin amac\u0131 \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in partinin ideolojisini kullanarak kendini \u00c7in\u2019deki tek h\u00fck\u00fcmran parti ve din olarak sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde tesis edebilece\u011fi, kaosu s\u00fcrekli olarak yaratmakt\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcmet kurulu\u015flar\u0131, askeriye, bas\u0131n ve medya \u00c7KP\u2019nin zalim diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc uygulamas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lard\u0131r. \u00c7KP, \u00c7in\u2019e tedavisi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan hastal\u0131klar getirdikten sonra, kendisi yok olman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011findedir ve \u00e7\u00f6kmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 insanlar e\u011fer \u00c7KP par\u00e7alan\u0131rsa \u00fclke kaosa girer diye endi\u015fe etmektedirler. \u00c7in\u2019i y\u00f6netmekte \u00c7KP\u2019nin rol\u00fcn\u00fc kim \u00fcstlenecek? \u00c7in\u2019in 5,000 y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihinde sadece 55 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00c7KP h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7en bir bulut kadar k\u0131sad\u0131r. Ancak maalesef bu 55 y\u0131ll\u0131k k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemde \u00c7KP geleneksel inan\u00e7lar\u0131 ve standartlar\u0131 par\u00e7alad\u0131; geleneksel ahlaki ilkeleri ve sosyal yap\u0131lar\u0131 mahvetti; insanlar aras\u0131ndaki \u015fefkat ve sevgiyi, kavga ve nefrete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc; ve cennet, d\u00fcnya ve do\u011faya olan sayg\u0131n\u0131n yerine \u201cinsanlar\u0131n do\u011fay\u0131 fethetme\u201d kibrini koydu. Y\u0131k\u0131m \u00fcst\u00fcne y\u0131k\u0131m faaliyetlerinden sonra Parti sosyal, ahlaki ve ekolojik sistemleri yerle bir etti ve \u00c7in ulusunu derin bir kriz i\u00e7erisinde b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in tarihinde her merhametli lider insanlar\u0131 sevmeyi, beslemeyi ve e\u011fitmeyi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin g\u00f6revleri olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u0130nsan yap\u0131s\u0131 nezaketi arzu eder ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin rol\u00fc bu do\u011fal insani kapasiteyi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartmakt\u0131r. Men\u00e7ius \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015ftir, \u201c\u0130nsanlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 \u015fudur: devaml\u0131 destek imkanlar\u0131na sahip olanlar vefal\u0131 kalplere sahip olurlar, fakat daimi imkanlar\u0131 olmayanlar\u0131n vefal\u0131 kalpleri de yoktur\u201d. [10] Refah olmadan e\u011fitim etkisiz olmu\u015ftur; insanlar i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 sevgisi olmayan fakat masumlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olan zalim liderler \u00c7in halk\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan nefret edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5000 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00c7in tarihinde antik d\u00f6nemlerin imparatorlar\u0131 \u0130mparator Yao ve \u0130mparator Shun, Zhou Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u0130mparator Wen ve \u0130mparator Wu, Han Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130mparator Wen ve \u0130mparator Jing, Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130mparator Tang Taizong ve Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130mparator Kangxi ve \u0130mparator Qianlong gibi bir\u00e7ok \u015fefkatli lider olmu\u015ftur. Bu Hanedanl\u0131klarda ya\u015fanan zenginlik liderlerin cennetten \u00e7\u0131kan Tao\u2019yu uygulamalar\u0131, \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k doktrinini takip etmeleri ve bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrar arzu etmeleri sonucudur. \u015eefkatli bir liderin \u00f6zellikleri erdemli ve yetenekli insanlardan istifade etmek,   farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere a\u00e7\u0131k olmak, adaleti ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek ve insanlara ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 olanlar\u0131 vermektir. Bu \u015fekilde vatanda\u015flar kanunlara itaat ederler, ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k duygusunu muhafaza ederler, mesut olarak ya\u015farlar ve verimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya i\u015flerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir ulusun y\u00fckselmesi ve d\u00fc\u015fmesinin sebepleri oldu\u011funu bildi\u011fimiz halde bir devletin refah i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fay\u0131p ya\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya yok olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kimin belirledi\u011fini \u00e7ok s\u0131k sorar\u0131z. \u00c7KP gitti\u011finde \u00c7in\u2019e bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve uyumun geri gelece\u011fini umut edebiliriz. \u0130nsanlar tekrar hakikatli, merhametli, m\u00fctevazi ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc olacak, \u00fclke tekrar insanlar\u0131n temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 ile ilgilenecek ve t\u00fcm i\u015fler zenginle\u015fecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

******************<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notlar :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1] \u201cYiyecekler ve e\u015fyalar\u0131n salnamesi\u201d, \u0130lk Han Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Tarihi (Han Shu). \u201cCennetin alt\u0131ndaki herkes\u201d ifadesinde \u00c7in imparatorlar\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki \u00c7in\u2019e  g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Qian Bocheng, Do\u011fu K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc bask\u0131, 2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Gao Gang ve Rao Shushi her ikisi de Merkezi Komitenin \u00fcyeleriydi. 1954\u2019teki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir hareketten sonra, Partiyi b\u00f6lmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakla su\u00e7lanarak Partiden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131lar. Hu Feng, bilgin ve edebi ele\u015ftirmen, \u00c7KP i\u00e7indeki k\u0131s\u0131r edebiyat politikas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda partiden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ve 14 y\u0131l hapis cezas\u0131 verildi.1951 ve 1952 de \u00c7KP\u2019nin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 Anti Kampanya” ve \u201cBe\u015f Anti Kampanya” olarak ge\u00e7en hareketlerin amac\u0131, Parti, h\u00fck\u00fcmet,ordu ve kitle \u00f6rg\u00fctleri i\u00e7indeki yozla\u015fma, israf ve b\u00fcrokrasiyi ortadan kald\u0131rmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Lu Xun or Lu Hs\u00fcn (Eyl\u00fcl 25, 1881 \u2013 Ekim 19, 1936) \u00c7in edebiyat\u0131nda modern anadilin (Baihua) kurucusu olarak bilinir. \u00dcnl\u00fc bir \u00e7evirmendi. Lu, sol g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip bir yazar olarak \u00c7in edebiyat tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. Onun kitaplar\u0131 \u00c7in gen\u00e7li\u011fini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiledi. Sendai \u015fehrinde t\u0131bbi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bitirip 1909\u2019dan Japonya\u2019dan \u00c7in\u2019e d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Ve Pekin \u00dcniversitesinde okutman oldu ve yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Ye\u015fim \u0130mparatoru ve Ejderha Kral mitolojik \u00c7in fig\u00fcrleridir. Ye\u015fim \u0130mparatoru, resmi olmayan kaynaklara g\u00f6re \u00e7ok y\u00fcce ve ya\u015fl\u0131 bir mitolojik karakter, \u00e7ocuklar ve s\u0131radan insanlar taraf\u0131ndan Cennetteki Dede olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7in Taoist inan\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re t\u00fcm tanr\u0131lar i\u00e7inde en \u00f6nemlisi ve cennetin y\u00f6neticisidir. Erderha Kral d\u00f6rt denizin Tanr\u0131sal y\u00f6neticisidir. Her bir ana y\u00f6ne kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen her deniz, kendi Ejderha Kral\u0131n\u0131n belirledi\u011fi kurallara uygun olarak y\u00f6netilir. Ejderha Krallar kristal saraylarda ya\u015far, karides askerler ve yenge\u00e7 generaller taraf\u0131ndan korunur. Ejderha Kral sudaki ya\u015fam\u0131 y\u00f6netmekten ba\u015fka bulutlar\u0131 ve ya\u011fmurlar\u0131 da idare eder. Do\u011fu Denizinin Ejderha Kral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6lgeye sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] Peng Dehuai (1898-1974): Kom\u00fcnist \u00c7in generali ve politik liderlerinden. Peng, Kore sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkomutan\u0131yd\u0131, Devlet Konseyi ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, Politb\u00fcro \u00fcyesi ve 1954-1959 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Savunma Bakan\u0131yd\u0131. 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda Lushan\u2019da yap\u0131lan \u00c7KP toplant\u0131s\u0131nda Mao\u2019nun solcu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in resmen g\u00f6revinden at\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Zhao Gao (do\u011fumu bilinmemekte, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u0130.\u00d6.210): Qin Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ba\u015f haerma\u011fas\u0131. \u0130.\u00d6. 210\u2019da \u0130mparator Qin Shi Huang’n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, Zhao Gao, Ba\u015fbakan Li Si ve imparatorun ikinci o\u011flu Hu Hai sahte bir vasiyet d\u00fczenlediler. Bu sahte vasiyetle Hu Hai yeni imparator oldu ve as\u0131l Veliaht Prens Fu Su\u2019ya intihar emri verdi. Zamanla Zhao Gao ve Hu Hai aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Zhao, g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde saraya bir geyik getirdi ve t\u00fcm liderlerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde bu geyi\u011fin bir at oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Bu liderlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015fiddetle geyi\u011fin at olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131srar ederken, bir k\u0131s\u0131m lider at oldu\u011funu do\u011frulad\u0131. Zhao Gao, hayvana geyik diyen ki\u015filerin onun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc ve hepsini g\u00f6revden ald\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Daxing Katliam\u0131 A\u011fustos 1966\u2019da Parti liderli\u011finin de\u011fi\u015fimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Pekin\u2019de meydana geldi. \u00a0Kamu G\u00fcvenlik Bakan\u0131 Xie Fuzhi, Pekin Kamu G\u00fcvenlik B\u00fcrosu ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi toplant\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir konu\u015fma yapt\u0131 ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu konu\u015fmada K\u0131z\u0131l Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n \u201cbe\u015f kara s\u0131n\u0131f\u201da kar\u015f\u0131 yapaca\u011f\u0131 faaliyetlere m\u00fcdahalede bulunulmamas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Bu konu\u015fma k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Daxing Polis B\u00fcrosunun Daimi Komite toplant\u0131s\u0131na iletildi. Daxing Polis B\u00fcrosu hemen harekete ge\u00e7ti ve d\u00fczenledi\u011fi bir toplant\u0131da \u201cBe\u015f kara s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131\u201d yok etmek i\u00e7in Daxing il\u00e7esindeki halk\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmak i\u00e7in bir plan olu\u015fturdu. 9] Kang Youwei, Politik Yaz\u0131lar Kolleksiyonu\u2019ndan (1981). Zhonghua Zhuju. Kang Youwei (1858-1927) Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli reformistlerinden biridir. [10] Mencius’tan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Epoch Times Yay\u0131n Kurulu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Devam edecek\u2026)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f Di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmler:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine 9 Yorum \u2013 Giri\u015f<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum \u2013 1. B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum – 2. B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Giri\u015f Zalimlik ve zul\u00fcmden bahsedildi\u011finde \u00c7inlilerin \u00e7o\u011funun akl\u0131na ilk olarak felsefe kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 yakan ve Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131 canl\u0131 canl\u0131 yakan Qin Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk imparatoru zalim Qin Shi Huang ve onu bask\u0131c\u0131 maiyeti gelmektedir (259 \u2013 210 M.\u00d6).  Qin Shi Huang\u2019\u0131n insanlara k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele etmesi \u201cg\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm kaynaklar ile iktidar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek\u201d politikas\u0131ndan gelmektedir.[1]  Bu politikan\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13974,"featured_media":140288,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"","_yoast_wpseo_focuskw_text_input":""},"categories":[519,8136,8138],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nKom\u00fcnist Partisi \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum - 3. 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