{"id":147185,"date":"2023-08-30T23:31:32","date_gmt":"2023-08-30T20:31:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/?p=147185"},"modified":"2023-08-30T23:31:34","modified_gmt":"2023-08-30T20:31:34","slug":"yedinci-bolum-i-kisim-ailenin-yikimi-guncellendi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/index.php\/yedinci-bolum-i-kisim-ailenin-yikimi-guncellendi","title":{"rendered":"Yedinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm, I. K\u0131s\u0131m: Ailenin Y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 (G\u00fcncellendi)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Kom\u00fcnizmin hayaleti, Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla yok olmad\u0131.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Epoch Times,\u00a0\u201cKom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum\u201d<\/a>un yazarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f\u00a0\u201cKom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?\u201d<\/a>\u00a0adl\u0131 \u00c7ince kitab\u0131n \u00e7eviri serisini okurlar\u0131na sunuyor.<\/em>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Kom\u00fcnizmin Geleneksel Aileyi Yok Etme Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. <\/strong>Kom\u00fcnizmin S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z Seks\u00fcel \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe Te\u015fviki<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Kom\u00fcnizmin Alt\u0131nda Cinsel \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe \u0130lk Giri\u015fimler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Sovyet “Bir Bardak Su” Teorisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. \u00c7in “Sovyet B\u00f6lgelerinde” Cinsel Kurtulu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Kom\u00fcnizm Bat\u0131’daki Aileleri Nas\u0131l Yok Ediyor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. <\/strong> Cinsel \u00d6z\u011f\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Te\u015fvik Etmek<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aile, insan toplumunun yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131r ve insanlara sadece istikrarl\u0131 ve sevgi dolu bir ortamda \u00e7ocuk yeti\u015ftirmekle kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir neslin bilgilerini di\u011ferine aktar\u0131r. Evlilik, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geleneksel miras\u0131n\u0131 ve ahlak\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak aileler olu\u015fturmas\u0131 i\u00e7in tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen kutsal bir kurumdur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn geleneksel aile yava\u015f yava\u015f yok ediliyor. Karl Marx’\u0131n ve di\u011fer kom\u00fcnistlerin yaz\u0131lar\u0131, aileyi ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imi olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor. Kom\u00fcnist rejimler, dini ve ruhani inanc\u0131 yok etmelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Kom\u00fcnist Partiye duyulan sevgiyi ki\u015finin anne babas\u0131na, e\u015fine veya \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na bile duydu\u011fu sevginin \u00f6n\u00fcne koyar ve insanlar\u0131 kendi akrabalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmeye te\u015fvik eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960’lardan bu yana, modern feminizm, cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fcinsel haklar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli gelenek kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketler Bat\u0131’da \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Aile kurumu ise en a\u011f\u0131r darbeyi ald\u0131. Modern yasalar, okul m\u00fcfredat\u0131, akademik teori ve ekonomi politikalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan dolayl\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde desteklenen e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bu hareketler, cinsiyetler aras\u0131ndaki geleneksel ba\u011flar\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 yozla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor ve insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 hayal edilemeyecek kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyelere \u00e7ekiyor. Bu e\u011filim on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve kom\u00fcnist ideolojik fakt\u00f6rlerle derinden a\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Friedrich Engels, nihayetinde, geleneksel evlili\u011fi feshetmek ve aile kurumunu ortadan kald\u0131rmak ve yayg\u0131n “k\u0131s\u0131ts\u0131z cinsel ili\u015fki” \u00f6neriyordu. [1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizm, s\u00fcrekli mutasyon ve aldatmada \u00fcst\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r, bu da insanlar\u0131n politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ve ideolojilerini onaylarken tam olarak neyi destekledikleri konusunda s\u00fcrekli kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zamanla kom\u00fcnizmin alt\u0131nda yatan fikirleri kabul etmeye ba\u015flarlar. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc trajik durum – geleneksel ailenin bozulmas\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131n bu e\u011filiminin ger\u00e7ek do\u011fas\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 – titiz bir planlaman\u0131n eseridir ve son iki y\u00fcz y\u0131lda kom\u00fcnizmin a\u015famal\u0131 olarak bu plan\u0131 uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yasalar  kolayl\u0131kla bo\u015fanmaya ve aileleri par\u00e7alamaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1950’lerde evli bir ailede do\u011fan Amerikal\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 11’i ebeveynlerinin bo\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015fahit olurken; 1970 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde bu say\u0131 y\u00fczde 50’ye y\u00fckselmi\u015fti. [2] ABD Hastal\u0131k Kontrol ve \u00d6nleme Merkezlerine g\u00f6re, 1956’da Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ndeki yeni do\u011fan bebeklerin y\u00fczde 5’inden daha az\u0131 evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011farken 2016 itibar\u0131yla bu rakam y\u00fczde 40’a yak\u0131nd\u0131. [3] [4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hem Do\u011fu’daki hem de Bat\u0131’daki geleneksel toplumlarda, kad\u0131n-erkek ili\u015fkilerinde iffet bir erdem olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Bug\u00fcn, modas\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve bask\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Geleneksel toplumlarda binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r utan\u00e7 verici ve sapk\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen evlilik \u00f6ncesi seks ve e\u015fcinsellik, giderek normalle\u015fmekle kalm\u0131yor, ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz e\u011fitimcileri ve devlet okulu sistemi taraf\u0131ndan bazen ima edilerek veya a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a te\u015fvik ediliyor. \u00c7ocuklar her zamankinden daha erken ya\u015flarda hiperseks\u00fcel hale geliyor ve sapk\u0131n cinsel kavramlara ve pornografiye maruz kal\u0131yor. Durum devam ederken, kom\u00fcnizmin aileyi yok etme hedefi, s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bir toplumla ilgili verdi\u011fi zor vaadini yerine getirmeden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek. Toplumsal istikrar\u0131n temel bir birimi olan ailenin yok edilmesi, ayn\u0131 zamanda Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n  olu\u015fturdu\u011fu geleneksel ahlak\u0131n ve ailenin gelecek nesli geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131c\u0131 rol\u00fcn yok edilmesi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Kom\u00fcnizmin Geleneksel Aileyi Yok Etme Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131’n\u0131n geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde evlili\u011fin Tanr\u0131 ve cennet taraf\u0131ndan ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bir kez olu\u015ftuktan sonra evlilik ba\u011f\u0131 bozulamazd\u0131. Hem erkek hem de kad\u0131n, Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kendi suretinde ve daha da \u00f6nemlisi e\u015fit olarak yarat\u0131ld\u0131.Tanr\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ve erkekleri farkl\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131 ve onlar i\u00e7in aile ve toplumda farkl\u0131 roller kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fu geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde erkekler, sembolik olarak g\u00fcne\u015f ve g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olan yin-yang ili\u015fkisinin yang k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 temsil eder. Bu, s\u00fcrekli ilerleme kaydetmeye \u00e7abalamalar\u0131n\u0131 ve aileye bakma sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenmelerini gerektirir. Kad\u0131nlar ise sembolik olarak d\u00fcnyaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olan yin prensibine aittir, yani her \u015feyi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir erdemle ta\u015f\u0131rlar ve sevgi doludurlar. Kad\u0131nlar dik ba\u015fl\u0131 olmamal\u0131 ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 daima d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Ayr\u0131ca kocalar\u0131na destek olma ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fitme g\u00f6revleri de vard\u0131r. Erkekler ve kad\u0131nlar kendi rollerini iyi oynad\u0131klar\u0131 zaman yin ve yang uyumlu hale gelebilir ve \u00e7ocuklar sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcp geli\u015febilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 dini inan\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kemikleri, erkeklerin kemi\u011finden ve v\u00fccutlar\u0131 erkeklerin v\u00fccudundan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. [5] Bu nedenle, bir erkek kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kendi v\u00fccudunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi sevmeli ve gerekirse onu korumak i\u00e7in kendini feda etmelidir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, bir kad\u0131n kocas\u0131yla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmal\u0131 ve ona yard\u0131m etmelidir, bu da \u00e7ifti ayr\u0131lmaz bir b\u00fct\u00fcn haline getirmektedir. Aileyi desteklemek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan ve ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flamaktan erkekler sorumluyken, kad\u0131nlar do\u011fumda ac\u0131 \u00e7ekerler. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar insanlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131 orijinal g\u00fcnahlardan kaynaklan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri, erkeklerin yetenek veya zeka a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kad\u0131nlardan \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmek anlam\u0131na gelmez, sadece erkeklerin ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yetenekleri farkl\u0131 old\u011fundan dolay\u0131d\u0131r. Cinsiyetler aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rma giri\u015fimleri sa\u011fduyuya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r ve hem erkeklerin hem de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n potansiyellerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmelerini engeller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aile inan\u00e7lar\u0131 ve ahlak\u0131 iletme rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynarlar, b\u00f6ylece istikrarl\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir toplum ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Ebeveynler, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n hayat\u0131ndaki ilk \u00f6\u011fretmenlerdir. \u00c7ocuklar \u00f6zverili olma, al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck, minnettarl\u0131k, tahamm\u00fcl gibi geleneksel erdemleri ve daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ebeveynlerinin s\u00f6zlerinden ve eylemlerinden \u00f6\u011frenebilirlerse, bu hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u00e7in faydalar sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geleneksel evli ya\u015fam, erkeklerin ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ahlaki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda birlikte geli\u015fmelerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7iflerin duygular\u0131n\u0131 ve arzular\u0131n\u0131 dizginlemelerini ve birbirlerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc davranmalar\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Evlilik temelde g\u00fcndelik romantik a\u015fktan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan duygular\u0131 \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fken olabilir; bir anda kurulabilen bir ili\u015fki di\u011fer bir an  par\u00e7alanabilir,  o halde bu ili\u015fki y\u00fczeysel bir arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7emez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak kom\u00fcnizme g\u00f6re, aile birimi insan\u0131n ki\u015fisel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne bir engeldir. Klasik kom\u00fcnizm, ekonomik fakt\u00f6rleri ailevi ili\u015fkilerin olu\u015fumunu belirlemede anahtar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve \u00f6zel aile biriminin bir kamu m\u00fclkiyeti bi\u00e7iminde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc”, kom\u00fcnist ideolojinin kalbinde yer alan fantastik bir yan\u0131lg\u0131d\u0131r. Kom\u00fcnist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, bask\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca ekonomik ya da sosyal olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir toplumun k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne yerle\u015fti\u011fini savunur. Kom\u00fcnistler i\u00e7in “\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck”, geleneksel sosyal ahlak taraf\u0131ndan “empoze edilen” k\u00fclt\u00fcrel normlar\u0131n yok edilmesi anlam\u0131na gelir. Onlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne g\u00f6re, geleneksel aile yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ataerkilli\u011fi kad\u0131nlar\u0131 bask\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131r ve geleneksel cinsel ahlak insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 bask\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Freudcu kavramlarla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Marksizmden t\u00fcretilen teoriler, cinsel arzuyu aileyle ilgili sorular\u0131n merkezine yerle\u015ftirir. Bu iki ideolojinin ortak \u00f6zelli\u011fi, temel insan ahlak\u0131n\u0131n inkar edilmesi, materyalizme ve arzuya tap\u0131nmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Kom\u00fcnizmin S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z Seks\u00fcel \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe Te\u015fviki<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n ideolojik \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden biri, New Harmony, Indiana\u2019daki 1825\u2019te \u201c\u00fctopik\u201d bir toplum vizyonunu hayata ge\u00e7irme giri\u015fimiyle tan\u0131nan Galli sosyalist Robert Owen’d\u0131. 1826’da Owen \u015f\u00f6yle dedi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u015eimdi size ve d\u00fcnyaya, insan \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n tamamam\u0131n\u0131n, \u015fu ana kadar, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde, zihinsel ve fiziksel k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklere neden olacak \u015fekilde birle\u015ftirilebilecek en canavarca k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerin \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Birli\u011fine k\u00f6le oldu\u011funu ilan ediyorum. Bu k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckler mant\u0131ks\u0131z din sistemlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131yla birlikte bireysel m\u00fclkiyet \u00fczerine kurulan \u00f6zel veya bireysel m\u00fclkiyettir – sa\u00e7ma ve mant\u0131ks\u0131z din sistemleri – ve evlilikten bahsediyorum. \u201c[6]                                                    <\/em>Owen\u2019\u0131n New Harmony\u2019de ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcre k\u0131sa s\u00fcrd\u00fc; 1828’de sosyalist deneyini terk ederek ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak fikirlerinin kal\u0131c\u0131 etkileri s\u00fcrmeye devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir ba\u015fka etkili \u00fctopik sosyalist, Frans\u0131z filozof Charles Fourier, Marx ve takip\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in fazlas\u0131yla ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu. Fourier\u2019in yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi 1848 devriminde ve 1871 Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019nde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu fikirler daha sonra Amerika\u2019ya yay\u0131ld\u0131. Fourier “feminizm” (Frans\u0131zca “f\u00e9minisme”) terimini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen ilk filozoftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fourier\u2019in ideal kom\u00fcnist toplumunda (falank veya falanks olarak bilinir), geleneksel aile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenir ve i\u00e7ki alemleri , insan\u0131n i\u00e7 tutkular\u0131n\u0131 tamamen \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6v\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ayr\u0131ca, adil bir toplumun, herkesin cinsel tatmin \u201chakk\u0131na\u201d sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in cinsel olarak reddedilenlerle (ya\u015fl\u0131lar veya ho\u015flan\u0131lmayanlar gibi) ilgilenilmesi gerekti\u011fini ilan etti. Sadomazo\u015fizm ve hatta ensest ve hayvanlarla cinsel ili\u015fki de dahil olmak \u00fczere her t\u00fcrl\u00fc cinsel tatminin r\u0131za g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi s\u00fcrece izin verilmesi gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Owen ve Fourier’in etkisi on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde d\u00fczinelerce kom\u00fcnist \u00fctopik topluluklar\u0131 ate\u015fledi – ancak \u00e7o\u011fu k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. En uzun soluklu olan\u0131, Fourier\u2019in teorisi temelinde kurulan ve otuz \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcren Oneida Kom\u00fcn\u00fc idi. Kom\u00fcn, geleneksel tek e\u015fli evlilikten ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131 ve \u00e7ok e\u015flili\u011fi, grup seksini ve se\u00e7ici \u00e7iftle\u015fmeyi savundu. Sonunda, kurucu John Humphrey Noyes yasal i\u015flemlerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmak \u00fczere Kanada’ya ka\u00e7t\u0131. Kom\u00fcn e\u015f payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya zorlansa da, Noyes daha sonra bu konuda birka\u00e7 kitap yazd\u0131, bunlardan biri “\u0130ncil Kom\u00fcnizmi”dir, ki bu kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir ideoloji ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizmin teorik temelleri, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z seks\u00fcel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle el ele gider. En ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri kom\u00fcnizm, insanlar\u0131 ilahi \u00f6\u011fretileri terk etmeye ve gelene\u011fi reddetmeye te\u015fvik etti, ahlaki k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 y\u0131kt\u0131 ve devrim ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler u\u011fruna temel d\u00fcrt\u00fclere boyun e\u011fdi. Kom\u00fcnist mant\u0131kla, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta insan ahlak\u0131n\u0131n yozla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu sosyal sorunlar \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete atfedilebilir. Kom\u00fcnizm, insanlar\u0131, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet halka a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rsa, insanlar\u0131n onun i\u00e7in sava\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131r\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, t\u00fcm m\u00fclk payla\u015f\u0131lsa bile, insanlar yine de birbirlerinin e\u015fleri konusunda anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ya\u015fayabilir. Bu nedenle, \u00fctopik sosyalistler, cinsel arzunun cevab\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a rasgele ili\u015fkileri ve “\u00f6zg\u00fcr a\u015fk\u0131” savunurlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kom\u00fcnist \u201ccennetler\u201d ya do\u011frudan geleneksel aileye meydan okudu ya da bir ortak e\u015fler sistemini savundu ve yerel topluluklar, kiliseler ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetler de bu durumu geleneksel ahlak ve eti\u011fe bir meydan okuma olarak g\u00f6rerek onlar\u0131 bask\u0131lamak i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dctopik kom\u00fcnlerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Marx ve Engels’e bir ders verdi: Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto’da bahsedilen s\u00f6zde \u201ckad\u0131n toplulu\u011fu\u201d nu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a savunman\u0131n zaman\u0131 de\u011fildi. Aileyi ortadan kald\u0131rma hedefleri de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f olsa da, daha gizli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsemi\u015flerdi: bu defa bir bask\u0131 arac\u0131 olarak evlili\u011fe sald\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Engels, Marx’\u0131n aile teorisini devam ettirmek ve Marks\u00e7\u0131 evlilik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc daha da a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in Lewis H. Morgan’\u0131n Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ailenin, \u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyetin ve Devletin K\u00f6keni kitab\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131: \u201c [Tek e\u015flili\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131], erke\u011fin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dayan\u0131r, a\u00e7\u0131k amac\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z olarak o babal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratmakt\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu \u00e7ocuklar daha sonra babalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fcne do\u011fal miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 olarak gireceklerdir. E\u015fle\u015fme yoluyla yap\u0131lan evlilikten, her hangi bir taraf\u0131n iste\u011fiyle bozulamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan, evlilik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131 ile ayr\u0131l\u0131r.  Kural olarak, mevcut evlili\u011fi feshedip kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bir kenara koyabilecek olan sadece erkektir. ” [7] Engels, tek e\u015flili\u011fin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve t\u00fcm m\u00fclkiyet payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, tamamen \u201ccinsel a\u015fka\u201d dayal\u0131 yepyeni bir evlilik modelinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundu. Kom\u00fcnist bir toplumda \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k hale gelece\u011fini, ev i\u015flerinin profesyonelle\u015fece\u011fini ve \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131 ve e\u011fitimin devletin sorumlulu\u011funda olaca\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7ocuklara bakmak konusunda endi\u015felenmeye gerek kalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyordu. \u015e\u00f6yle yazd\u0131: \u201cBu da gen\u00e7 bir k\u0131z\u0131n sevdi\u011fi adamla \u00f6zg\u00fcrce ili\u015fki kurmas\u0131na sa\u011flayacak, ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hareketin hem ahlaki hem de ekonomik sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racakt\u0131, t\u00fcm endi\u015feleri ortadan kalkacakt\u0131. Bu, s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f cinsel ili\u015fki b\u00f6ylece yava\u015f yava\u015f normalle\u015fecek ve art\u0131k bir bakirelik zorunlulu\u011fu ve bunun bir kad\u0131n i\u00e7in utan\u00e7 konusu olmas\u0131 diye bir \u015fey s\u00f6z konusu olmayacak ve daha ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc bir kamuoyu olu\u015fturulmayacak  m\u0131yd\u0131? ” [8]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomi teorilerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, Marx ve Engels’in sosyal ideolojisi pratik uygulamada ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olur. Duygular g\u00fcvenilmezdir; bir ki\u015fi bug\u00fcn birini ve yar\u0131n ba\u015fka birini sevebilir. Geleneksel kur yapma ve evlilik normlar\u0131 olmadan, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz sonu\u00e7, cinsel ili\u015fkide bulunma ve sosyal d\u00fczenin bozulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen \u00fctopik kom\u00fcnlere ek olarak, Sovyet ve \u00c7in kom\u00fcnist rejimlerinin Marksist \u00f6\u011fretiyi aile politikas\u0131na uygulamaya y\u00f6nelik ilk giri\u015fimleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131 ve h\u0131zla tersine d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Kar\u0131 ve koca aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler her zaman sorunsuz de\u011fildir. Geleneksel bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn s\u0131ras\u0131nda “\u00f6l\u00fcm bizi ay\u0131rana kadar” yemini, Tanr\u0131’ya yap\u0131lan bir yemindir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda her iki taraf\u0131n da zorluklarla birlikte y\u00fczle\u015fmeye ve \u00fcstesinden gelmeye haz\u0131r oldu\u011fu fikrini temsil eder. Bir evlili\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcren \u015fey yaln\u0131zca duygu veya hisler de\u011fildir, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir sorumluluk duygusu vard\u0131r. E\u015fine, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na ve t\u00fcm aile fertlerine \u00f6zenle davranmak, kar\u0131-kocay\u0131 hem ahlaki hem de sosyal sorumluluk duygusuyla olgun bir erke\u011fe ve  kad\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx ve Engels’in \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d, \u201cliberallik\u201d ve \u201ca\u015fk\u201d gibi s\u00f6zleri, asl\u0131nda ki\u015fisel ahlaki sorumluluklar\u0131n terk edilmesinden ve ki\u015filerin kendilerini arzular\u0131na vermesinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7o\u011fu insan Fourier ve Marx d\u00f6nemlerinde h\u00e2l\u00e2 dindarlard\u0131 ve bu nedenle cinsel ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fvik etmeye y\u00f6nelik a\u00e7\u0131k giri\u015fimlere kar\u015f\u0131 dikkatli davran\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bununla birlikte, yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l ve sonras\u0131nda, Marx’\u0131n kendisi bile, insanlar\u0131n Marksist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin cinsel kaosunu kucaklamalar\u0131n\u0131, aile ve evlili\u011fin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 rasyonalizasyonlar\u0131 hayal bile edemezdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Kom\u00fcnizmin Alt\u0131nda Cinsel \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe \u0130lk Giri\u015fimler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otoriter sosyalist rejimlerin, genellikle kat\u0131 bir sosyal muhafazakarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunur;  Bat\u0131 liberal ilerlemecili\u011finden uzak olan cinsiyet rolleri ve evlilik yasalar\u0131 da buna dahildir. Bununla birlikte, bu t\u00fcr politikalar geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc veya ahlak\u0131 koruma arzusundan kaynaklanmaz, yaln\u0131zca kom\u00fcnist rejimin sevgiyi ve aileyi devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ara\u00e7lar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme arzusuna dayan\u0131r. Rusya ve \u00c7in gibi \u00fclkelerde kom\u00fcnist y\u00f6netimin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda, Parti liderleri, cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle ilgili felaket deneyleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere, t\u00fcm Marksist program\u0131n hepsini bir anda uygulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha \u00f6nce de a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, cinsel kaos, kom\u00fcnist ideolojinin do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen bir \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. Marx’\u0131n hizmet\u00e7isine tecav\u00fcz etti\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131yor; sonu\u00e7ta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7ocu\u011fu Engels b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc. Engels bir \u00e7ift k\u0131z karde\u015fle birlikte ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Lenin y\u0131llarca evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ili\u015fkiler y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc ve fahi\u015felerden frengi kapt\u0131. Stalin’in de ba\u015fka insanlar\u0131n e\u015flerinden faydanland\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bol\u015fevikler iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ni kurduktan sonra, e\u015f payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. O d\u00f6nemde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. 1990’da, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce, devlet taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Rus dergisi Rodina, erken Sovyet y\u00f6netimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda e\u015f payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olgusunu \u00f6zetleyen bir makale yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Haber, Sovyet liderleri Leon Tro\u00e7ki, Nikolai Bukharin, Alexandra Kollontai ve di\u011ferlerinin \u00f6zel hayatlar\u0131n\u0131, cinsel faaliyetlerinde “k\u00f6pekler kadar rahat” olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek anlatt\u0131. 1904 gibi erken bir tarihte Lenin \u015f\u00f6yle yazd\u0131: \u201c\u015eehvet tinin enerjisini \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirebilir; s\u00f6zde aile de\u011ferleri i\u00e7in de\u011fil, sosyalizmin zaferi i\u00e7in bu kan p\u0131ht\u0131s\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. ”   [9] Tro\u00e7ki,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya Sosyal Demokrat \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi’nin bir toplant\u0131s\u0131nda, Bol\u015fevikler iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra cinsel ili\u015fkilerin yeni temel ilkelerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir taslak haline getirilmesini \u00f6nerdi. Kom\u00fcnist teori, ailenin yok edilmesini ve cinsel arzular\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir \u015fekilde tatmin edildi\u011fi bir d\u00f6neme ge\u00e7i\u015fi gerektiriyordu. Tro\u00e7ki ayr\u0131ca, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 e\u011fitme sorumlulu\u011funun yaln\u0131zca devlete ait olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini de s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tro\u00e7ki, 1911’de Lenin’e yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta \u015funlar\u0131 yazd\u0131: \u201cKu\u015fkusuz, cinsel bask\u0131, bir ki\u015fiyi k\u00f6lele\u015ftirmenin ana yoludur. B\u00f6yle bir bask\u0131 varken, ger\u00e7ek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck diye bir \u015fey olamaz. Aile, t\u0131pk\u0131 bir burjuva kurumu gibi, tamamen gerilerde kald\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerle bu konu hakk\u0131nda daha fazla konu\u015fmak gerekiyor. “<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin \u015fu cevab\u0131 verdi: \u201cVe sadece aile de\u011fil. Cinsellikle ilgili t\u00fcm yasaklar kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u2026 S\u00fcfrajetlerden \u00f6\u011frenecek bir \u015feyimiz var: Ayn\u0131 cinsiyetler aras\u0131ndaki a\u015fk \u00fczerindeki yasak bile kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. ” [10]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Sovyet “Bir Bardak Su” Teorisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bol\u015fevikler iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, Lenin, evlili\u011fi etkili bir \u015fekilde ortadan kald\u0131ran ve e\u015fcinselli\u011fi su\u00e7 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karan bir dizi d\u00fczenleme yapt\u0131. O s\u0131rada “Kahrolsun utan\u00e7!” slogan\u0131 da vard\u0131. Bu, bol\u015feviklerin sosyalist ideolojinin \u201cyeni adam\u0131n\u0131\u201d yaratma giri\u015fiminin bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Hatta bazen bu fikri destekleyenler sokaklarda \u00e7\u0131plak dola\u015f\u0131p, “Utan\u00e7, Sovyet halk\u0131n\u0131n burjuva ge\u00e7mi\u015findedir” gibi sloganlar at\u0131yorlard\u0131. [11]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1920’lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda, eski Halk\u0131n Sosyal Refah Komiseri Alexandra Kollontai, cinsellikle ilgili “bir bardak su” teorisini pop\u00fcler hale getirdi. Kollontai, Bol\u015feviklerle sava\u015fan geleneksel bir aileden gelen bir devrimciydi ve “kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri\u2019nin” aray\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u201cBir bardak su\u201d cinsel ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcye bir imad\u0131r; teori, kom\u00fcnist bir toplumda, cinsel arzuyu tatmin etmenin bir bardak su i\u00e7mek kadar normal ve kolay olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunuyordu. Bu konsept fabrika \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7 \u00f6\u011frenciler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc kom\u00fcnist Madam Smidovich, Mart 1925’te Kom\u00fcnist Parti gazetesi Pravda’da \u201cGen\u00e7li\u011fimizin mevcut ahlak\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00f6zetleniyor. [Kom\u00fcnist Parti e\u011fitim okulu] cinsel arzusunu tatmin etme hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Bu kavram bir aksiyom haline geldi ve cinsel k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar bir burjuva mefhumu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bir erkek ister \u00f6\u011frenci olsun, ister i\u015f\u00e7i, okul \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki bir k\u0131z\u0131 bile arzulasa da, k\u0131z onun \u015fehvetine itaat etmelidir; aksi takdirde, ger\u00e7ek bir kom\u00fcnist olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaya lay\u0131k olmayan bir burjuva k\u0131z\u0131 olarak kabul edilecektir. ” [12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bo\u015fanma da normalle\u015fti ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Bo\u015fanma oran\u0131 insanl\u0131k tarihinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f seviyelere f\u0131rlad\u0131. K\u0131saca, Moskova’daki herkes bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 neredeyse \u201ddiyor profes\u00f6r Paul Kengor 2015 tarihli Takedown: From Communists to Progressives, How the Left Has Family and Marriage. [13] 1926’da Amerikan dergisi The Atlantic, SSCB’deki bu \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 durum hakk\u0131nda “Evlili\u011fi Kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Rus \u00c7abas\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bir makale yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130sve\u00e7’le hi\u00e7bir ilgisi olmayan, bunun yerine birlikte ya\u015fayan ve g\u00fcndelik seks yapan \u00e7ok say\u0131da erkek ve kad\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunan \u201c\u0130sve\u00e7li aileler\u201d olgusu da bu cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa, tecav\u00fcze, par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f ailelere, cinsel yolla bula\u015fan hastal\u0131klara ve ahlaki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn di\u011fer semptomlar\u0131na kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalist topluluklar\u0131n geni\u015flemesinin ard\u0131ndan, bu “\u0130sve\u00e7li aileler” Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne yay\u0131ld\u0131. Bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u201cmillile\u015ftirilmesi\u201d veya \u201csosyalle\u015fmesi\u201d olarak biliniyordu. 1918 Yekaterinburg’daki sosyalist kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc bir \u00f6rnektir: Bol\u015fevikler \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, on alt\u0131 ila yirmi be\u015f ya\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n “sosyalle\u015fmesi” gerekti\u011fine dair bir kararname \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylelikle say\u0131s\u0131z kad\u0131n, K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu askerlerine ve sivil memurlara “sosyalle\u015fmeleri” i\u00e7in teslim edildi. [15]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feminist aktivist Clara Zetkin ile 1921’de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sohbet s\u0131ras\u0131nda Lenin, “bir bardak su” teorisini anti-Marksist ve anti-sosyal olarak nitelendirerek \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc duydu. [16] Bunun nedeni, cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn istenmeyen bir yan \u00fcr\u00fcne yol a\u00e7mas\u0131yd\u0131: terk edilmi\u015f ve istenmeyen bebekler say\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Bol\u015fevikler 1920’lerin sonunda seks konusundaki politikalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc izleyen y\u0131llarda, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin daha \u00f6nce te\u015fvik etti\u011fi ve bazen zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler yasakland\u0131. Devrimci programa say\u0131s\u0131z di\u011fer idealist inananla birlikte, \u00f6zg\u00fcr a\u015fk\u0131 ve e\u015fcinselli\u011fi savunan bir\u00e7ok kom\u00fcnist kendini Stalin’in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda buldu. Sovyet kad\u0131nlar\u0131, geleneksel anne rollerine d\u00f6nmeleri, daha fazla \u00e7ocuk \u00fcretmeleri ve onlar\u0131 Kom\u00fcnist Partiye hizmet etmeleri i\u00e7in yeti\u015ftirmeleri i\u00e7in te\u015fvik edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. \u00c7in “Sovyet B\u00f6lgelerinde” Cinsel Kurtulu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisinin (\u00c7KP) ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki ko\u015fullar Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ndekilere benziyordu; kom\u00fcnist partilerin hepsi ayn\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7tan elde edilen zehirli meyvelerdir. Erken bir kom\u00fcnist lider olan Chen Duxiu, ahlaks\u0131z ki\u015fisel hayat\u0131yla tan\u0131n\u0131yordu. Tro\u00e7kist kadrolar Zheng Chaolin ve Chen Bilan’\u0131n an\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Qu Qiubai, Cai Hesen, Zhang Tailei, Xiang Jingyu ve Peng Shuzhi gibi kom\u00fcnistlerin hepsinin cinsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fleri seks\u00fcel tarih\u00e7ilerin kafas\u0131n\u0131 biraz kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve cinsiyete y\u00f6nelik tutumlar\u0131 \u201cBir bardak su\u201d ile benzerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck” sadece Partinin entelekt\u00fcel liderleri taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7KP’nin ilk “Sovyet b\u00f6lgelerinde” ya\u015fayan s\u0131radan insanlar taraf\u0131ndan da benimsendi ki bunlar Milliyet\u00e7i Parti devrilmeden \u00f6nce Hubei, Henan ve Anhui vilayetlerinde kurulmu\u015f devrimci yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgeleriydi. Kad\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011finin, evlenme ve bo\u015fanma konusunda mutlak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn te\u015fvik edilmesi nedeniyle, devrimci \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar cinsel arzular\u0131 tatmin etmek i\u00e7in s\u0131k s\u0131k kesintiye u\u011framaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet b\u00f6lgelerindeki gen\u00e7ler bazen “kitlelerle ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmak” ad\u0131na romantik ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7indeydiler. Gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n alt\u0131 veya yedi cinsel partneri olmas\u0131 al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k bir \u015fey de\u011fildi. Hong’an, Huangma, Huangqi, Guangshan ve di\u011fer yerlerdeki yerel parti \u015fefleri aras\u0131nda, Hubei-Henan-Anhui Sovyet B\u00f6lgelerinde Devrimci Tarih Belgeleri Koleksiyonu’na g\u00f6re, “bunlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc d\u00fczinelerce veya y\u00fczlerce kad\u0131n ile cinsel ili\u015fkide bulundu.”    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1931 bahar\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, \u00c7KP’nin kurucu \u00fcyesi Zhang Guotao, bir Sovyet b\u00f6lgesinin sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlendi\u011finde, frengi o kadar yayg\u0131nd\u0131 ki hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tedavisinde uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f doktorlar i\u00e7in Parti Merkezine bir ricada bulunmak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. Y\u0131llar sonra, an\u0131lar\u0131nda, baz\u0131 k\u0131demli generallerin metresleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere, de\u011fi\u015fik yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinde cinsel tacize u\u011frayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hikayelerini canl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde hat\u0131rl\u0131yordu. [17]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1930’larda cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck rejime bir tehdit olarak alg\u0131lanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Sovyet Rusya’da bulunan ayn\u0131 toplumsal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme sorunu a\u015fikard\u0131 ve K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu askerleri, e\u015flerinin devrime kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ili\u015fkilere gireceklerinden veya onlar\u0131 bo\u015fayacaklar\u0131ndan endi\u015felenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu, birliklerin sava\u015f etkinli\u011fini bozdu. Dahas\u0131, ani bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k patlamas\u0131, “ortak e\u015fler” ve benzer kavramlara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir halk tepkisi yaratt\u0131. Sovyet yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgeleri, askeri evlilikleri koruma alt\u0131na almaya ve bo\u015fanma say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlama gibi politikalar uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Kom\u00fcnizm Bat\u0131’daki Aileleri Nas\u0131l Yok Ediyor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizmin ideolojik e\u011filimleri on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bat\u0131’da bir as\u0131rdan fazla s\u00fcren d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve evrimden sonra, 1960’larda Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu on y\u0131l boyunca, neo-Marksizm ve di\u011fer \u00e7e\u015fitli radikal ideolojilerden etkilenen ve te\u015fvik edilen sapk\u0131n sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hareketler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bunlar aras\u0131nda hippi kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, radikal Yeni Sol, feminist hareket ve cinsel devrim vard\u0131. Bu \u00e7alkant\u0131l\u0131 toplumsal hareketler, Amerika\u2019n\u0131n siyasi sistemine, geleneksel de\u011ferler sistemine ve sosyal dokusuna y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddetli bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Avrupa’ya h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131lar ve ana ak\u0131m\u0131n toplumun aile, cinsiyet ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferler hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015ftirdiler. Bu, geleneksel Bat\u0131 aile de\u011ferlerinin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na ve aile kurumunun ve onun sosyal ya\u015famdaki merkeziyetinin gerilemesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sosyal karga\u015fa, pornografinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, uyu\u015fturucu kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131, cinsel ahlak\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesi, \u00e7ocuk su\u00e7 oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi ve sosyal refaha ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 gruplar\u0131n geni\u015flemesi gibi bir dizi sorunu beraberinde getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a. Cinsel \u00d6z\u011f\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Te\u015fvik Etmek<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck (cinsel devrim olarak da bilinir) 1960’larda Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Geleneksel cinsel ahlak\u0131 ihlal eden \u00f6zg\u00fcr a\u015fk hareketi, geleneksel aile de\u011ferlerinin giderek erozyona u\u011framas\u0131na ve par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na giden yolu a\u00e7t\u0131. “\u00d6zg\u00fcr a\u015fk” kavram\u0131, her t\u00fcrden cinsel etkinli\u011fin sosyal d\u00fczenlemeden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini varsayar. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re evlilik, k\u00fcrtaj ve zina h\u00fck\u00fcmet veya kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131 ve sosyal yapt\u0131r\u0131ma tabi olmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fourier ve John Humphrey Noyes’in takip\u00e7ileri, “\u00f6zg\u00fcr a\u015fk” terimini ilk kullanan ki\u015filerdi. Son zamanlarda, \u00f6zg\u00fcr a\u015fk fikirlerinin hemen hemen t\u00fcm ana destek\u00e7ileri sosyalistler veya sosyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden derinden etkilenen insanlar olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sosyalist filozof Edward Carpenter, Britanya’daki \u00f6zg\u00fcr a\u015fk hareketine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck edenler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve e\u015fcinsel haklar\u0131nin ilk aktivistlerindendi. Fransa’daki \u00f6zg\u00fcr a\u015fk hareketinin ana \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc, ilk g\u00fcnlerinde bir anarko-kom\u00fcnist olan ve daha sonra d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini Fourier’nin \u00fctopik kom\u00fcnizmi \u00fczerine in\u015fa eden, Frans\u0131z bireyci anar\u015fizmini (sosyalizmin daha geni\u015f kategorisine giren) kuran ve rasgele cinselli\u011fi, e\u015fcinselli\u011fi ve biseks\u00fcelli\u011fi savunan \u00c9mile Armand’d\u0131. Avustralya’daki \u00f6zg\u00fcr a\u015fk hareketinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc, sendikac\u0131 ve anar\u015fist John \u201cChummy\u201d Fleming’di (sosyalizmin bir ba\u015fka dal\u0131).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerika’daki \u00f6zg\u00fcr a\u015fk hareketi, erotik Playboy dergisinin 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle meyve verdi. Dergi, sanatsal oldu\u011fu ve keyifli oldu\u011fu izlenimini yaratmak i\u00e7in parlak ka\u011f\u0131t ve buna ek olarak pahal\u0131 renkli bask\u0131 kulland\u0131 ve bunun sonucunda pornografik i\u00e7erik \u2013 asl\u0131nda tipik olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131f ve kaba olarak kabul edilecek iken – h\u0131zla ana ak\u0131ma girdi ve Playboy “birinci s\u0131n\u0131f” bir e\u011flence dergisi haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda, hippi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pop\u00fclaritesinin artmas\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr a\u015fk\u0131n yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde kabul g\u00f6rmesiyle cinsel devrim resmi olarak ilk kez sahneye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. “Cinsel devrim” terimi, kom\u00fcnist psikanalizin Avusturyal\u0131 kurucusu Wilhelm Reich taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi. Marksizmi Freudcu psikanaliz ile birle\u015ftirdi ve ilkinin insanlar\u0131 “ekonomik bask\u0131dan” kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131na, ikincisinin ise insanlar\u0131 “cinsel bask\u0131dan” kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck teorisinin bir ba\u015fka bulu\u015f\u00e7usu ise Frankfurt Okulu’ndan Herbert Marcuse idi. 1960’lar\u0131n Bat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr hareketi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, “Sava\u015fma sevi\u015f” slogan\u0131, cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kavram\u0131n\u0131 insanlar\u0131n kalplerinin derinliklerine yerle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kavram\u0131, Bat\u0131’da en \u00e7ok satan Kinsey Raporlar\u0131 olan \u2013 \u0130nsan Erkekte Cinsel Davran\u0131\u015f ve \u0130nsan Kad\u0131nda Cinsel Davran\u0131\u015f ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 iki kitap – ve ayr\u0131ca oral gebel\u0131k kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131labilirli\u011fi ile birlikte h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n Alfred Kinsey\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f istatistiksel verilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, onun politik ve ideolojik taahh\u00fctlerinden kaynaklanan abart\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 basitle\u015ftirme ve di\u011fer yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ke\u015ffettiklerini belirtmek gerekir. Kinsey, evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 seks, e\u015fcinsel seks, \u00e7ocuklarda ve hatta bebeklerde cinsel arzunun yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek ve b\u00f6ylece toplumu, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir g\u00f6rev olan bu fenomenin normalle\u015fmesini kabul etmeye y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bebekler ve \u00e7ocuklar \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve cinsel deneylerinde pedofillerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birdenbire, “cinsel olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmek” moda oldu. Gen\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda \u00f6n\u00fcne gelenle yatmak normal kabul edildi. Bakire olduklar\u0131n\u0131 itiraf eden gen\u00e7ler, akranlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan alay konusu oldu. Veriler, 1954 ile 1963 aras\u0131nda (60’lar ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131) on be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 dolduranlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 82’sinin otuz ya\u015f\u0131na kadar evlilik \u00f6ncesi cinsel ili\u015fkiye girmedi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. [19] Fakat 2010’lara gelindi\u011finde, yeni Amerikan gelinlerinin sadece y\u00fczde 5’i bakireyken, y\u00fczde 18’inin halihaz\u0131rda on veya daha fazla cinsel e\u015fi vard\u0131. [20] K\u00fclt\u00fcrel ana ak\u0131m, edebiyat, film, reklam ve televizyon da dahil olmak \u00fczere seks her alana girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Friedrich Engels, Ailenin, \u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyetin ve Devletin K\u00f6kenleri, \u00e7ev. Alick West, (1884), b\u00f6l\u00fcm. 2, b\u00f6l\u00fcm 4, 17 Nisan 2020’de Marksist \u0130nternet Ar\u015fivi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla eri\u015fildi, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1884\/origin-family\/ch02d.htm.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. W. Bradford Wilcox, “Bo\u015fanman\u0131n Evrimi”, Ulusal \u0130\u015fler, no. 1 (G\u00fcz 2009), https:\/\/www.nationalaffairs.com\/publications\/detail\/the-evolution-of-divorce.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. ABD Hastal\u0131k Kontrol ve \u00d6nleme Merkezleri, Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130statistikleri Merkezi, \u201cTablo 1\u201317. Irk ve Hispanik K\u00f6kene G\u00f6re Evlenmemi\u015f Kad\u0131n Do\u011fumlar\u0131n\u0131n Say\u0131s\u0131 ve Y\u00fczdesi: Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, 1940\u20132000,\u201d https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/statab\/t001x17.pdf.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. John Elflein, \u201c1980’den 2018’e kadar ABD’de evlenmemi\u015f kad\u0131nlar\u0131n do\u011fum y\u00fczdesi,\u201d Statista, 3 Aral\u0131k 2019, https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/276025\/us-percentage-of-births- evli olmayan kad\u0131nlara\/.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f 2:23, Amerikan Standart S\u00fcr\u00fcm \u0130ncil.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Robert Owen, “Critique of Individualism (1825\u20131826),” Indiana University\u2013Bloomington, 4 Temmuz 1826, eri\u015fim tarihi 17 Nisan 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171126034814\/http:\/\/ www.indiana.edu:80\/~kdhist\/H105-documents-web\/week11\/Owen1826.html.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Engels, Origins, b\u00f6l. 2.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. age.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. Alexander Melnichenko \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e, \u201cVelikaya oktyabyr’skaya seksual’naya revolyutsiya\u201d \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f [\u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Ekim Cinsel Devrimi\u201d], Russian Folk Line, 20 A\u011fustos, 2017, http:\/\/ruskline.ru\/opp\/ 2017\/avgust\/21\/velikaya_oktyabrskaya_seksualnaya_revolyuciya. [Rus\u00e7a]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. age.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. age.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. Natal’ya Korotkaya \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f’da al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Madam Smidovich \u0421\u043c\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447, “Eros revolyutsii: Komsomolka, nye bud’ myeshchankoy \u2014 pomogi muzhchinye cnyat’ napryazheniye!” \u042d\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u201c\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435!\u201d [\u201cDevrimin Eroslar\u0131: ‘Komsomol K\u0131z\u0131, Burjuva Olma \u2014 Bir Adam\u0131n Gerginli\u011fi Gidermesine Yard\u0131m Edin!’\u201d], Tut.By Online, 10 Kas\u0131m 2012, https:\/\/lady.tut.by\/news\/sex \/319720.html?crnd=68249. [Rus\u00e7a]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Paul Kengor, Yay\u0131ndan Kald\u0131rma: Kom\u00fcnistlerden \u0130lericilere, Sol Aileyi ve Evlili\u011fi Nas\u0131l Sabote Etti (Washington, DC: WND Books, 2015), 54.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Melnichenko, “B\u00fcy\u00fck.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. Xia Hou <\/em>\u590f\u4faf<\/em>, “Gongchanzhuyi de yinluan jiyin\u2014xingjiefang” <\/em>\u5171<\/em>\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6deb\u4e71\u57fa\u56e0<\/em>\u2014\u2014<\/em>\u6027\u89e3\u653e<\/em> [“Kom\u00fcnizmin Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k Geni: Cinsel Kurtulu\u015f”], The Epoch Times (\u00c7ince bask\u0131s\u0131), 9 Nisan 2017, http :\/\/www.epochtimes.com\/gb\/17\/4\/9\/n9018949.htm. [\u00c7in’de]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. Clara Zetkin, \u201cLenin on the Women’s Question,\u201d The Emancipation of Women: From the Writings of V. I. Lenin, Marksists Internet Archive, eri\u015fim tarihi: 17 Nisan 2020, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/zetkin\/1920 \/lenin\/zetkin1.htm.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. Huang Wenzhi <\/em>\u9ec3\u6587\u6cbb<\/em>, \u201c’Nuola zou hou zen yang’: F\u00fc jiefang, hunyinziyou ji jiejigeming\u2014yi E Yu Wan Suqu wei zhongxin de lishikaocha (1922\u20131932)\u201d \u201c<\/em>\u5a1c\u62c9\u8d70\u5f8c\u600e\u6a23<\/em>\u201d<\/em>\uff1a\u5a66\u5973\u89e3\u653e\u3001\u5a5a\u59fb<\/em> <\/em>\u81ea\u7531\u53ca\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d<\/em>\u2014<\/em>\u4ee5\u9102\u8c6b\u7696\u8607\u5340\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8003\u5bdf<\/em> (1922\u20131932)\u201d [‘Nora Solundan Sonra Ne Oldu’: Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Kurtulu\u015fu, Evlilik \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve S\u0131n\u0131f Devrimi\u2014Hubei-Henan’\u0131n Tarihsel Bir Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 -Anhui Sovyet B\u00f6lgeleri (1922\u20131932)\u201d], A\u00e7\u0131k Zamanlar no.4 (2013). Bu kaynak, E Yu Wan Suqu geming lishi wenjianhuiji <\/em>\u9102\u8c6b\u7696<\/em>\u82cf\u533a\u9769\u547d\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u4ef6\u6c47\u96c6<\/em>, [Devrimci Tarihi Belgeler Koleksiyonu Hubei-Henan-Anhui Sovyet B\u00f6lgeleri]. [\u00c7ince]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. Judith A. Reisman ve di\u011ferleri, Kinsey, Sex and Fraud: The Indoctrination of a People (Lafayette, LA: Lochinvar-Huntington House, 1990).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. Lawrence B. Finer, \u201cAmerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde Evlilik \u00d6ncesi Seks E\u011filimleri, 1954\u20132003,\u201d Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Raporlar\u0131, cilt. 122, say\u0131.1 (1 Ocak 2007): 73\u201378.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. Nicholas H. Wolfinger, “Counterintuitive Trends in the Link Between Evlilik \u00d6ncesi Seks ve Evlilik Dengesi”, Institute for Family Studies, 6 Haziran 2016, https:\/\/ifstudies.org\/blog\/counterintuitive-trends-in-the-link -evlilik-\u00f6ncesi-seks-ve-evlilik-aras\u0131nda-istikrar.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kom\u00fcnizmin hayaleti, Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla yok olmad\u0131. Epoch Times,\u00a0\u201cKom\u00fcnist Parti \u00dczerine Dokuz Yorum\u201dun yazarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f\u00a0\u201cKom\u00fcnizmin Hayaleti D\u00fcnyam\u0131za Nas\u0131l H\u00fckmediyor?\u201d\u00a0adl\u0131 \u00c7ince kitab\u0131n \u00e7eviri serisini okurlar\u0131na sunuyor.\u00a0 \u0130\u00e7indekiler Giri\u015f 1. Kom\u00fcnizmin Geleneksel Aileyi Yok Etme Amac\u0131 2. Kom\u00fcnizmin S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z Seks\u00fcel \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe Te\u015fviki 3. Kom\u00fcnizmin Alt\u0131nda Cinsel \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe \u0130lk Giri\u015fimler a. Sovyet “Bir Bardak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13974,"featured_media":147186,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"","_yoast_wpseo_focuskw_text_input":""},"categories":[519,8135,8138],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nYedinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm, I. 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