Her y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi gibi, Cumhuriyetin de kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir do\u011fu\u015f ve varolu\u015f hik\u00e2yesi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cumhuriyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, insanl\u0131k tarihinin en \u00f6nemli siyasal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerinden birini temsil eder. Bug\u00fcn modern devletlerin temelini olu\u015fturan \u201cegemenli\u011fin halka ait olmas\u0131\u201d fikrinin k\u00f6keni, Antik Roma\u2019ya kadar uzanan uzun bir tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7ten gelir. Cumhuriyet kavram\u0131 yaln\u0131zca bir y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, yurtta\u015fl\u0131k bilinci ve kamusal irade anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cumhuriyet fikrinin ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6rne\u011fi, M\u00d6 509 y\u0131l\u0131nda Antik Roma\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Roma\u2019n\u0131n son kral\u0131 olan Lucius Tarquinius Superbus adl\u0131 bask\u0131c\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n devrilmesiyle birlikte monar\u015fik d\u00fczen sona erdi ve \u201cRes Publica\u201d ad\u0131 verilen yeni y\u00f6netim sistemi kuruldu. \u201cRes Publica\u201d, Latincede \u201chalka ait olan \u015fey\u201d ya da \u201ckamusal y\u00f6netim\u201d anlam\u0131na geliyordu. B\u00f6ylece devletin tek bir ki\u015finin mal\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, toplum ad\u0131na y\u00f6netilmesi gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi do\u011fdu. Bu nedenle tarih\u00e7iler, Roma Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni modern cumhuriyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck temeli olarak kabul eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Roma Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni, mutlak krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 toplumun tepki g\u00f6stermesiydi. Soylular ve halk, kral\u0131n keyfi y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Bunun sonucunda y\u00f6netim iki kons\u00fcl; senato ve halk meclisleri aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece tarihte ilk kez devlet y\u00f6netiminde denge ve denetim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu sistem, ayn\u0131 zamanda modern hukuk devletinin de ilk \u00f6rneklerinden biri say\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00f6neticilerin yetkileri s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fildi, gelenekler ve yasalarla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak Roma Cumhuriyeti sonsuza kadar devam etmedi. \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015flar ve siyasi m\u00fccadeleler sonucunda cumhuriyet zay\u0131flad\u0131 ve yerini yeniden imparatorluk d\u00fczenine b\u0131rakt\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun 476 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla Avrupa\u2019da merkezi otorite \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc. Bu d\u00f6nem, tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan \u201cKaranl\u0131k Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Feodalite sistemi i\u00e7inde halk\u0131n siyasal haklar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ortadan kalkt\u0131; krallar ve kilise otoritesi toplum \u00fczerinde mutlak g\u00fc\u00e7 kurdu. Cumhuriyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi uzun s\u00fcre geri planda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fakat Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Avrupa\u2019da \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fimler ba\u015flad\u0131. R\u00f6nesans ile birlikte insan akl\u0131 ve birey, yeniden de\u011fer kazand\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan gelen Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda John Locke, Montesquieu ve Jean-Jacques Rousseau gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler; halk egemenli\u011fi, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve toplumsal s\u00f6zle\u015fme fikirlerini geli\u015ftirdiler. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler modern cumhuriyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n teorik temelini olu\u015fturdu. Art\u0131k devletin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kral de\u011fil, halk oldu\u011fu savunuluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu fikirlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasal sonucu ise 1789\u2019daki Frans\u0131z Devrimi oldu. Frans\u0131z halk\u0131 mutlak monar\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik ve karde\u015flik ilkelerini benimsedi. Devrim sonras\u0131nda cumhuriyet ilan edildi ve egemenli\u011fin millete ait oldu\u011fu resmen kabul edildi. B\u00f6ylece cumhuriyet, yaln\u0131zca Antik Roma\u2019ya ait bir y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak, modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n temel siyasi modeli h\u00e2line geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Sanayi Devrimi ise Avrupa\u2019daki toplumsal yap\u0131y\u0131 tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. G\u00fc\u00e7lenen burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve y\u00fckselen milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131mlar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorluklar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u00c7ok uluslu imparatorluklar\u0131n yerini ulus devletler almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimleri, halk\u0131n temsil edildi\u011fi modern devlet modelleri olarak yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak cumhuriyet fikri, Antik Roma\u2019da bask\u0131c\u0131 krall\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011fmu\u015f; y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca de\u011fi\u015ferek geli\u015fmi\u015f ve Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ile modern anlam\u0131na kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Cumhuriyetin temelinde, devletin halka ait oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi vard\u0131r. Hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6zg\u00fcr yurtta\u015fl\u0131k ve milli egemenlik gibi kavramlar da bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bug\u00fcn modern demokrasilerin temelini olu\u015fturan bir\u00e7ok ilke, k\u00f6kenini Roma Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu tarihsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmden almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tarih ile efsanenin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bir fig\u00fcr olan, Lucius Tarqunius Superbus, Roma gelene\u011fine g\u00f6re tahta \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in kay\u0131npederi olan Kral Servius Tullius\u2019u \u00f6ld\u00fcrtm\u00fc\u015f, ard\u0131ndan sert bir y\u00f6netim kurmu\u015ftur. Senatoya bask\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f, muhaliflerini cezaland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden, \u201cSuperbus\u201d yani \u201ckibirli – gururlu\u201d lakab\u0131yla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun d\u00f6neminin sonu ise dramatik bir olayla gelir: O\u011flu Sextus Tarqunius\u2019un, soylu kad\u0131n Lucretia\u2019ya sald\u0131rmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir halk \u00f6fkesine yol a\u00e7ar. Bunun ard\u0131ndan Romal\u0131lar ayaklan\u0131r ve Tarqunius ve ailesini \u015fehirden s\u00fcrer. B\u00f6ylece Roma Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 sona erer, yerine Roma Cumhuriyeti kurulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu anlat\u0131lar, kesin tarihsel ger\u00e7ek olarak de\u011fil, Roma\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015f anlat\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. Cumhuriyet y\u00f6netiminin do\u011fu\u015fu i\u00e7in k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcm\u2026 Ve halk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n zorlanmas\u0131, ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131, Cumhuriyetin do\u011fumunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Her y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi gibi, Cumhuriyetin de kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir do\u011fu\u015f ve varolu\u015f hik\u00e2yesi vard\u0131r. Cumhuriyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, insanl\u0131k tarihinin en \u00f6nemli siyasal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerinden birini temsil eder. Bug\u00fcn modern devletlerin temelini olu\u015fturan \u201cegemenli\u011fin halka ait olmas\u0131\u201d fikrinin k\u00f6keni, Antik Roma\u2019ya kadar uzanan uzun bir tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7ten gelir. Cumhuriyet kavram\u0131 yaln\u0131zca bir y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda hukukun […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14005,"featured_media":163897,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Cumhuriyet","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Cumhuriyet kavram\u0131 yaln\u0131zca bir y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi de\u011fil, hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, yurtta\u015fl\u0131k bilinci ve kamusal irade anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesidir.","_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"","_yoast_wpseo_focuskw_text_input":""},"categories":[10057],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n