Zeytin tar\u0131m\u0131, ilk kez 7.500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Anadolu\u2019da ba\u015flay\u0131p ard\u0131ndan da Suriye, Girit ve M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fczerinden t\u00fcm Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zeytinin anavatan\u0131 Adana\u2019y\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alan Do\u011fu Akdeniz sahili, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu ve Suriye topraklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mersin ilinde yer alan Elaiussa Sebaste antik kentinin ad\u0131 Helenistik d\u00f6nemde Elaiussa olarak biliniyordu. Elaiussa kelimesinin anlam\u0131 ise \u201czeytin\u201d idi. Hititler zeytine SERDU veya ZERTUM derlerdi. Zeytinin Akadcas\u0131 da Zertum\u2019dur. M\u00d6 2000-1200\u2019lerde \u00c7ukurova\u2019da zeytincilik yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hitit metinlerinden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Hitit yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 GI\u015eAG\u0130S olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lmakta olup anlam\u0131 \u201cYa\u011f a\u011fac\u0131\u201dd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Antik \u00e7a\u011f filozoflar\u0131 okullar\u0131n\u0131 zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 bah\u00e7elerinde kurarlar, derslerini ve felsefe s\u00f6yle\u015filerini de zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 alt\u0131nda yaparlard\u0131 (Milet, Atina, Efes, Assos, \u0130zmir gibi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yunan mitolojisine g\u00f6re Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n zeytin a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda do\u011fmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Eski Yunan\u2019da kutsal a\u011fa\u00e7 olarak kabul edilip zeytin tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n sadece iyi ve d\u00fcr\u00fcst insanlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verilmekteydi. Zeytin a\u011fac\u0131na zarar verenler \u00f6l\u00fcmle cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Antik Yunan\u2019da evlenmeden \u00f6len erkekleri kutsamak amac\u0131yla onlar\u0131 g\u00f6mmeden \u00f6nce bedenlerine zeytinya\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fidandan, dikme olarak yeti\u015ftirilen zeytin a\u011fac\u0131, kaz\u0131k k\u00f6k yapmaz ve \u00e7abuk y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. Oysa da\u011fda, tohumdan \u00fcreyen zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 kaz\u0131k k\u00f6kl\u00fcd\u00fcr, yerinden kolay s\u00f6k\u00fclmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yere at\u0131lan zeytin \u00e7ekirdeklerinin hi\u00e7birinin \u00e7imlenmedi\u011fini belki fark edenler olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki, zeytin tohumlar\u0131 bu \u015fekilde \u00e7imlenmiyorsa, \u00e7evremizdeki zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lan nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Zeytin odununun \u00e7ok sert bir yap\u0131da olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc zeytin i\u00e7erisinde yer alan \u00e7ekirdekleri de odunsu bir yap\u0131da olur. Bundan dolay\u0131 bizler yedi\u011fimiz zeytinlerin \u00e7ekirdeklerini topra\u011fa att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, o tohumlardan zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
O halde do\u011fal olarak bu i\u015f nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor? Do\u011fada zeytin meyvelerini en \u00e7ok sevenler sadece insanlar de\u011filler. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n bu konudaki rakipleri karatavuk (Turdus merula) ad\u0131 verilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck siyah renkli ku\u015flar. 24-25 cm boyunda ve simsiyah t\u00fcylerle kapl\u0131 olan ve gagalar\u0131 sar\u0131- kavuni\u00e7i renkli olan bu sevimli ku\u015flar zeytin meyvelerini \u00e7ok severler. Bu meyveleri bir \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131da yutan bu ku\u015flar kursaklar\u0131nda zeytinin etli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sindirirler. Ancak, onlar da bizim gibi odunsu yap\u0131da olan zeytin \u00e7ekirdeklerini sindiremezler ve d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lama yoluyla sindiremedikleri \u00e7ekirdekleri d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya atarlar. \u0130\u015fte sadece bu karatavuklar\u0131n kursa\u011f\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan zeytin \u00e7ekirdekleri topra\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7imlenebilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc karatavuk kursa\u011f\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ta\u015flarla ve sahip oldu\u011fu kuvvetli asitlerle zeytin \u00e7ekirdeklerinin odunsu kabu\u011fu, sindirim s\u0131ras\u0131nda incelir ve yumu\u015far. Bu y\u00fczden de karatavuklar taraf\u0131ndan kabuklar\u0131 inceltilmi\u015f ve yumu\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ekirdekler topra\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7imlenebilir. Zeytinlerin ger\u00e7ek dostu olan karatavuklar sahip olduklar\u0131 bu \u00f6zellikle bizler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli. E\u011fer karatavuklar\u0131 avlayarak neslini t\u00fcketirsek gelecek y\u0131llarda yeni zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 geli\u015fmeyecek ve karatavuklardan bir s\u00fcre sonra zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n da nesli tehlike alt\u0131na girecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yabani zeytin a\u011fac\u0131, orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131nda yanan alanda birka\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde yeniden ye\u015ferir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bitkinin toprak \u00fcst\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 yansa da toprak alt\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00f6lmemi\u015ftir, ya\u015famaya devam eder. Bu t\u00fcrden bitkilerin yang\u0131na e\u011filimli ekosistemlerde kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. Bin y\u0131l kadar ya\u015fayabilen zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da \u201c\u00f6lmez a\u011fa\u00e7\u201d olarak nitelendirilir. Eski Romal\u0131lar zeytine \u201cyedi canl\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cVivax Olivia\u201d derlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ekilmeden, kendili\u011finden yeti\u015fen zeytine yabani zeytin veya delice (oleaster) denir. K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin da\u011fdaki deli zeytini s\u0131k\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 ve ila\u00e7 gibi kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u011fa da “\u00e7oral” denir. Delice, a\u015f\u0131lan\u0131p-\u0131slah edilerek, k\u00fclt\u00fcr bitkisine (sativa) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp, daha verimli bir hale getirilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1951-1952 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130spanya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek miktarda odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc sat\u0131n almak ister. O g\u00fcne kadar \u0130spanya\u2019ya yap\u0131lan ihracat kalemleri aras\u0131nda yer almayan bu talebin bir de \u00f6zel \u015fart\u0131 vard\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcrlerin \u0130skenderun\u2019dan Saroz K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne kadar Akdeniz ve Ege sahillerinde do\u011fada kendili\u011finden yeti\u015fen “delice” zeytininin a\u011fac\u0131ndan elde edilmesi isteniyordu. \u0130spanyollar\u0131n bu iste\u011fi d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Adnan Menderes ve Demokrat Parti y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek getirisinden dolay\u0131 sevin\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor, \u00fclkemizde bol miktarda bulunan delice zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 yak\u0131larak k\u00f6m\u00fcr haline getiriliyor ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ihra\u00e7 edilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131yordu. G\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n anlatt\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re, limanlar\u0131n \u00fczeri gemi y\u00fcklemeleri sebebiyle kara bir bulut ile kaplan\u0131yor g\u00f6z g\u00f6z\u00fc g\u00f6rm\u00fcyordu. D\u00f6nemin D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131\u2019na ihra\u00e7 edilen k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn \u0130spanya taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi ya da nerelerde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p ara\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 soruldu\u011funda Bakan\u0131n verdi\u011fi cevap bu ihracat\u0131n getirisinin \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu, nerede kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi ilgilendirmedi\u011fi \u015feklinde idi. Bunun \u00fczerine gazetecilerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucunda bu k\u00f6m\u00fcrlerin otoyollarda dolgu malzemesi olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisine ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu bilgi Bakan\u2019a iletilir fakat Bakan, k\u00f6m\u00fcr sat\u0131\u015f gelirinden memnun olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek konuyu kapat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ger\u00e7ekte ise Delice a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n zeytin a\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in en uygun a\u011fa\u00e7 oldu\u011funu bilenler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye oyun oynam\u0131\u015flar zeytin ve zeytinya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretiminden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi uzakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flar ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye margarin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Neticede \u0130spanya d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck zeytinya\u011f\u0131 ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015f, Ege ve Akdeniz b\u00f6lgemizdeki milyonlarca zeytin a\u011fac\u0131m\u0131z k\u00f6k\u00fcnden s\u00f6k\u00fclerek yok edilmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6k\u00fclen zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yerine ABD Marshall yard\u0131mlar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye milyonlarca kavak ve \u00e7am (\u00e7\u0131ra) fidan\u0131 dikilmi\u015f, kavak a\u011fac\u0131 memlekette alerjik hastal\u0131klara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, \u00e7am a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 ise ormanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 tutu\u015fturmaya yarayan \u00e7\u0131ra haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de i\u015fletmeye a\u00e7\u0131lan maden ocaklar\u0131, enerji santrallar\u0131 ve turistik tesis yap\u0131m\u0131 gibi nedenlerle zeytinlerimizin yava\u015f yava\u015f yok oldu\u011funu ya\u015fayarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Belki zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z art\u0131k otoyollarda dolgu olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131yor olabilir ama biz yine zeytinlerimizi devletin izni ile s\u00f6k\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu neden benim ba\u015f\u0131ma s\u00fcrekli geliyor diyorsan bir \u015faman \u00f6\u011fretisi \u015f\u00f6yle der: Ders, sen \u00f6\u011frenene kadar devam eder.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Zeytin tar\u0131m\u0131, ilk kez 7.500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Anadolu\u2019da ba\u015flay\u0131p ard\u0131ndan da Suriye, Girit ve M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fczerinden t\u00fcm Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zeytinin anavatan\u0131 Adana\u2019y\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alan Do\u011fu Akdeniz sahili, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu ve Suriye topraklar\u0131d\u0131r. Mersin ilinde yer alan Elaiussa Sebaste antik kentinin ad\u0131 Helenistik d\u00f6nemde Elaiussa olarak biliniyordu. Elaiussa kelimesinin anlam\u0131 ise \u201czeytin\u201d idi. Hititler […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14015,"featured_media":167735,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Zeytin a\u011fac\u0131","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Zeytin tar\u0131m\u0131, ilk kez 7.500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Anadolu\u2019da ba\u015flay\u0131p ard\u0131ndan da Suriye, Girit ve M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fczerinden t\u00fcm Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.","_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"","_yoast_wpseo_focuskw_text_input":""},"categories":[11512],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n