{"id":47336,"date":"2011-10-01T20:02:24","date_gmt":"2011-10-01T17:02:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.epochtimestr.com\/?p=47336"},"modified":"2013-03-29T12:10:17","modified_gmt":"2013-03-29T09:10:17","slug":"ugrunda-olmeyi-goze-alacagim-bircok-dava-var-ama-ugrunda-oldurecegim-hicbir-dava-yoktur-mahatma-mohandas-gandi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/index.php\/ugrunda-olmeyi-goze-alacagim-bircok-dava-var-ama-ugrunda-oldurecegim-hicbir-dava-yoktur-mahatma-mohandas-gandi","title":{"rendered":"“U\u011frunda \u00f6lmeyi g\u00f6ze alaca\u011f\u0131m bir\u00e7ok dava var ama u\u011frunda \u00f6ld\u00fcrece\u011fim hi\u00e7bir dava yoktur.” Mahatma Mohandas Gandi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mohandas Karam\u00e7and Gandi<\/strong> (2 Ekim 1869 \u2013 30 Ocak 1948), Hindistan ve Hindistan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Hareketi’nin siyasi ve ruhani lideridir. Ger\u00e7ek ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 aktif \"\"ama \u015fiddet unsuru i\u00e7ermeyen direni\u015f ile ilgili olan Satyagraha<\/em> felsefesinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu felsefe Hindistan’\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015fturmu\u015f ve d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde vatanda\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck savunucular\u0131na ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Gandi Hindistan’da ve d\u00fcnyada, Tagore taraf\u0131ndan verilen ve y\u00fcce ruh<\/em> anlam\u0131na gelen mahatma<\/strong> <\/em>ve baba<\/em> anlam\u0131na gelen bapu<\/em><\/strong> adlar\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r. Hindistan’da resm\u00ee olarak Ulus’un Babas\u0131 ilan edilmi\u015ftir ve do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc olan 2 Ekim Gandhi Jayanti<\/em> ad\u0131yla ulusal tatil olarak kutlan\u0131r. 15 Haziran 2007’de Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Kurulu oybirli\u011fi ile 2 Ekim g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc “D\u00fcnya \u015eiddete Hay\u0131r G\u00fcn\u00fc” olarak ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Gandi ilk olarak G\u00fcney Afrika’da Hint toplulu\u011funun vatanda\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 uygulad\u0131. Afrika’dan Hindistan’a d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra yoksul \u00e7ift\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ileri bask\u0131c\u0131 vergilendirme politikas\u0131na ve yayg\u0131n ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 protesto etmeleri i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctledi. Hindistan Ulusal Kongresi’nin liderli\u011fini \u00fcstlenerek \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda yoksullu\u011fun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n serbestisi, farkl\u0131 din ve etnik gruplar aras\u0131nda karde\u015flik, kast ve dokunulmazl\u0131k ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na son, \u00fclkenin ekonomik yeterlili\u011fine kavu\u015fmas\u0131 ve en \u00f6nemlisi olan Swaraj<\/em> yani Hindistan’\u0131n yabanc\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetinden kurtulmas\u0131 konular\u0131nda \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda kampanyalar y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. Gandi Hindistan’da al\u0131nan Britanya tuz vergisine kar\u015f\u0131 1930’da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 400 kilometrelik Gandi Tuz Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile \u00fclkesinin Britanya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131rmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti. 1942’de Britanyal\u0131lara a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunarak Hindistan’\u0131 terketmelerini istedi. Hem G\u00fcney Afrika hem de Hindistan’da bir\u00e7ok kere hapsedildi.<\/p>\n

Gandi her durumda pasifizm ve ger\u00e7e\u011fi savunarak bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini uygulad\u0131. Kendi kendine yeterli olan bir a\u015fram kurarak basit bir ya\u015fam ge\u00e7irdi. \u00c7\u0131kr\u0131k ile \u00f6r\u00fclen geleneksel dhoti<\/em> ve \u00f6rt\u00fc gibi giysilerini kendisi yapt\u0131. \u00d6nceleri vejetaryen iken sonralar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca meyve ile beslenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Hem ki\u015fisel ar\u0131nma hem de protesto amac\u0131yla bazen bir ay\u0131 a\u015fan oru\u00e7lar tuttu.<\/p>\n

Mahatma Gandi pasif direni\u015f ilkesinin bulucusu de\u011fildir ancak muazzam bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekte siyasi alanda ilk uygulayand\u0131r. Pasif direni\u015f (ahimsa<\/em>) ya da kar\u015f\u0131 koymama kavramlar\u0131 Hindistan dini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinde \u00e7ok eskilere dayanmaktad\u0131r. Gandi felsefesini ve hayat g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc otobiyografisi Do\u011frulukla Olan Deneyimlerimin \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fc<\/em> ‘nde \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klar:<\/p>\n

“Umutsuzlu\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde tarih boyunca do\u011fruluk ve sevginin her zaman kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlar\u0131m. Tiranlar ve katiller olmu\u015ftur, hatta bir s\u00fcre yenilmez san\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ancak sonunda her zaman kaybederler, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn bir her zaman.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

“\u00c7\u0131lg\u0131nca tahribat\u0131 totaliterlik nedeniyle ya da \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve demokrasi ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yapmak \u00f6l\u00fcler, yetimler ve evsizler i\u00e7in ne de\u011fi\u015ftirir?”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

“G\u00f6ze g\u00f6z ilkesi t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 k\u00f6r eder.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

“U\u011frunda \u00f6lmeyi g\u00f6ze alaca\u011f\u0131m bir\u00e7ok dava var ama u\u011frunda \u00f6ld\u00fcrece\u011fim hi\u00e7bir dava yoktur.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Bu ilkeleri uygulayan Gandi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n en u\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na giderek, h\u00fck\u00fbmetlerin, polisin ve ordunun bile \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir d\u00fcnya hayal etti. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki al\u0131nt\u0131lar “Pasifistler \u0130\u00e7in” kitab\u0131ndand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f ilmi bir ki\u015fiyi basit\u00e7e saf diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe y\u00f6neltir. \u015eiddet kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilmi ise yaln\u0131zca saf demokrasiye ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r….Sevgiden kaynaklanan g\u00fc\u00e7, cezaland\u0131r\u0131lma korkusundan kaynaklanandan binlerce kat daha etkili ve kal\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r…..\u015eiddet kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bireyler taraf\u0131ndan uygulanabilece\u011fini ve bireylerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu uluslar taraf\u0131ndan uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek inan\u00e7s\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131r….En saf anar\u015fiye en \u00e7ok yakla\u015fan \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulu olan demokrasidir….Tam bir \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen ve i\u015fleyen bir toplum en saf anar\u015fidir….<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u015eiddet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir devlette bile polis g\u00fcc\u00fcne gerek oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015ft\u0131m….Polis \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na inananlardan se\u00e7ilecektir. \u0130nsanlar i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel olarak onlara her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yard\u0131m\u0131 yapacak ve ortak bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonucu s\u00fcrekli azalan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ile kolayl\u0131kla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kabileceklerdir. Emek ile sermaye aras\u0131ndaki \u015fiddetli anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ve grevler \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir devlette daha az olacakt\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun etkisi toplum i\u00e7inde temel ilkelerin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde topluluklar aras\u0131nda da kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar olmayacakt\u0131r….<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u015eiddet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir ordu sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda da bar\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131nda da silahl\u0131 insanlar gibi davranmaz. G\u00f6revleri birbirleriyle sava\u015fan toplumlar\u0131 bir araya getirmek, bar\u0131\u015f propagandas\u0131 yapmak, bulunduklar\u0131 yerde ve birliklerinde her bir insanla ili\u015fkiye ge\u00e7melerini sa\u011flayacak eylemlerde bulunmakt\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir ordu acil durumlarla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kabilmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r, \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren \u00e7etelerin ta\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 durdurabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6lmeyi g\u00f6ze almal\u0131d\u0131rlar. …Satyagraha (do\u011frulu\u011fun g\u00fcc\u00fc) tugaylar\u0131 her k\u00f6y de ver her mahallede \u00f6rg\u00fctlenebilir. [E\u011fer \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 topluma d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bir sald\u0131r\u0131 gelirse] \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lan iki yol vard\u0131r. Hakimiyeti vermek ama sald\u0131ran ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmamak…Ba\u015f e\u011fmektense \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tercih etmek. \u0130kinci yol ise \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 y\u00f6ntemle yeti\u015fmi\u015f insanlar\u0131n yapaca\u011f\u0131 pasif direni\u015f….Sald\u0131rgan\u0131n iradesine uymak yerine \u00f6lmeyi tercih eden kad\u0131n ve erkeklerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sonu gelmez beklenmedik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc hem sald\u0131rgan\u0131 hem de askerlerini yumu\u015fatacakt\u0131r….\u015eiddet kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ana siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olarak se\u00e7mi\u015f olan bir ulusu ya da grubu atom bombas\u0131 bile k\u00f6leli\u011fe mahk\u00fbm edemez…. Bu \u00fclkedeki \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczeyi ba\u015f\u0131na bu geldi\u011fi takdirde do\u011fal olarak \u00f6yle y\u00fckselecektir ki evrensel olarak sayg\u0131 g\u00f6recektir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere uygun olarak, 1940’ta Britanya Adalar\u0131’ n\u0131n Nazi Almanyas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgali s\u00f6zkonusu oldu\u011funda Gandi Britanya halk\u0131na \u015fu \u00f6\u011f\u00fctleri verdi (Sava\u015f ve Bar\u0131\u015fta Pasif Direni\u015f<\/em> ):<\/p>\n

“Sahip oldu\u011funuz silahlar\u0131 ne sizi ne de insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurtarmaya yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u0131rakman\u0131z\u0131 isterim. Kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u00fclkelerden ne istiyorlarsa almalar\u0131 i\u00e7in Herr Hitler ve Sinyor Mussolini’yi davet edin…. E\u011fer bu centilmenler evlerinize girmek isterse, siz evleriniz terk edin. E\u011fer sizin serbest\u00e7e gitmenize izin vermezlerse, erkek, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk sizi katletmelerine izin verin ama onlara ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 sunmay\u0131 reddedin.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 bir m\u00fclakatta 1946’da daha da u\u00e7 bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131:<\/p>\n

“Yahudiler kendilerini kasab\u0131n b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131na sunmal\u0131yd\u0131lar. Kendilerini kayal\u0131klardan denize atmal\u0131yd\u0131lar.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ancak Gandi bu d\u00fczeyde bir \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n inan\u0131lmaz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde inan\u00e7 ve cesaret gerektirdi\u011fini ve buna herkesin sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00f6zellikle de korkakl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 bir k\u0131l\u0131f olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa herkesin \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olarak kalmas\u0131 gerekmedi\u011fini de \u00f6\u011f\u00fctledi.:<\/p>\n

“Gandi, silahlanmaktan ve direni\u015f g\u00f6stermekten korkanlar\u0131 satyagraha<\/em> hareketine kat\u0131lmamalar\u0131 konusunda uyard\u0131. ‘\u0130nan\u0131yorum ki,’ dedi, ‘korkakl\u0131k ile \u015fiddet aras\u0131nda bir se\u00e7im yapmak gerekirse \u015fiddeti \u00f6\u011f\u00fctlerdim.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

“Her toplant\u0131da \u015fu uyar\u0131y\u0131 yapt\u0131m. Pasif direni\u015f ile daha \u00f6nce kendilerinde olan kullanmay\u0131 bildikleri g\u00fc\u00e7ten sonsuz derecede fazla g\u00fc\u00e7 elde ettiklerine inananlar\u0131n pasif direni\u015f ile hi\u00e7bir ili\u015fkileri olmamal\u0131 ve b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 silahlar\u0131 tekrar almal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir zamanlar \u00e7ok cesur olan Khudai Khidmatgar<\/em>lar\u0131n (“Allah’\u0131n hizmet\u00e7ileri”), Bad\u015fah Han’\u0131n etkisiyle korkakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman s\u00f6yleyemeyiz. Cesaretleri yaln\u0131zca iyi bir ni\u015fanc\u0131 olmalar\u0131yla de\u011fil, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00f6ze almalar\u0131 ve g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerini gelen kur\u015funlara kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7malar\u0131ndad\u0131r.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Gandi topluma hizmet veren bir ki\u015finin sade bir hayat\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine y\u00fcrekten inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu sadelik o ki\u015fiyi brahma\u00e7aryaya ula\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r. Sadeli\u011fe G\u00fcney Afrika’da ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 ya\u015fam stilini b\u0131rakarak ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunu “kendini s\u0131f\u0131ra indirgemek,” olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131 ve gereksiz harcamalar\u0131 keserek, basit bir ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 se\u00e7ti ve kendi giysilerini bile kendisi y\u0131kad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gandi her hafta bir g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc konu\u015fmadan ge\u00e7iriyordu. Konu\u015fmaktan imtina etmenin kendisine i\u00e7 huzuru getirdi\u011fine inan\u0131yordu. Bu pratik Hindu ilkeleri mauna<\/em> (sessizlik) ve \u015fanti<\/em>den (huzur) etkilenmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6yle g\u00fcnlerde di\u011ferleriyle ka\u011f\u0131da yazarak ileti\u015fim kuruyordu. 37 ya\u015f\u0131ndan sonra \u00fc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l boyunca Gandi d\u00fcnya meselelerinin \u00e7alkant\u0131l\u0131 durumunun kendi i\u00e7 huzursuzlu\u011fundan daha fazla bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa neden oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in gazete okumay\u0131 reddetti.<\/p>\n

John Ruskin’in Unto This Last<\/em> (Sonuna Kadar) adl\u0131 denemelerini okuduktan sonra ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye karar verdi ve Phoenix Kolonisi” ad\u0131 verilen bir kom\u00fcn kurdu.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir hukuk hayat\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcney Afrika’dan Hindistan’a d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra zenginlik ve ba\u015far\u0131 ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirdi\u011fi Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 giyinmeyi b\u0131rakt\u0131. Hindistan’\u0131n en fakir insan\u0131n\u0131n kabul edebilece\u011fi gibi giyinmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve ev dokumas\u0131 olan khadi<\/em>nin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 savundu. Gandi ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 kendi e\u011firdikleri iplikle kendi giysilerinin kuma\u015f\u0131n\u0131 dokumaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve di\u011ferlerini de b\u00f6yle yapmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in te\u015fvik etti. Hintli i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u015fsizlik nedeniyle \u00e7o\u011funlukla bo\u015fta kalsalar da giysilerini Britanya sermayesinin sahip oldu\u011fu end\u00fcstriyel konfeksiyonculardan almaktayd\u0131lar. E\u011fer Hintliler kendi giysilerini yaparsa Hindistan’da yer alan Britanya sermayesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbe vurulaca\u011f\u0131 Gandi’nin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Buradan yola \u00e7\u0131karak Hintlilerin geleneksel \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7arka<\/em> Hindistan Ulusal Kongresi’nin bayra\u011f\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hayat\u0131n\u0131n sadeli\u011fini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan d\u00f6neminde yaln\u0131zca bir dhoti<\/em> giydi.<\/p>\n

Gandi Hindu olarak do\u011fdu, t\u00fcm ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca Hinduizm’i uygulad\u0131 ve ilkelerinin \u00e7o\u011funu Hinduizm’den ald\u0131. S\u0131radan bir Hindu olarak t\u00fcm dinlerin e\u015fit oldu\u011funa inand\u0131 ve ba\u015fka dinlere inanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in verilen \u00e7abalara kar\u015f\u0131 geldi. \u00c7ok merakl\u0131 bir dinbilimciydi ve t\u00fcm \u00f6nemli dinler hakk\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok kitap okudu. Hinduzim hakk\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

\n
“Benim bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla Hinduizm tamam\u0131yla ruhumu tatmin ediyor ve t\u00fcm benli\u011fimi dolduruyor… \u015e\u00fcpheler pe\u015fimden ko\u015funca, hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcme bak\u0131nca ve ufukta bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u00fczmesi bile g\u00f6rmeyince Bhagavad Gita<\/em> ‘ya d\u00f6nerim ve beni rahatlatacak bir par\u00e7a bulurum ve kar\u015f\u0131 konulmaz h\u00fczn\u00fcn i\u00e7inde hemen g\u00fcl\u00fcmsemeye ba\u015flar\u0131m. Ya\u015fam\u0131m trajedilerle doluydu ve bunlar benim \u00fczerimde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ve kal\u0131c\u0131 etkiler b\u0131rakmad\u0131ysa bunu Bhagavad Gita<\/em> ‘n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretilerine bor\u00e7luyum.”<\/dd>\n
\n

Gandi Bhagavad Gita<\/em> \u00fczerine Gujarati dilinde bir yorum yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gujarati metni \u0130ngilizceye Mahadev Desai taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrilmi\u015f ve bir \u00f6ns\u00f6z eklenmi\u015ftir. 1946’da Gandi’nin bir giri\u015f yaz\u0131s\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gandi her dinin \u00f6z\u00fcnde do\u011fruluk ve a\u015fk\u0131n yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u00fcm dinlerde ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, k\u00f6t\u00fc uygulamalar\u0131 ve dogmay\u0131 da sorgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yorulmaz bir sosyal reformcudur. \u00c7e\u015fitli dinler \u00fczerine olan baz\u0131 yorumlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

\n
“Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fckemmel ya da en b\u00fcy\u00fck din olarak kabul edemeyi\u015fimin nedeni, daha \u00f6nceden Hinduizm’in b\u00f6yle oldu\u011funa ikna olmu\u015f olmamdand\u0131r. Hinduizm’in eksiklikleri benim i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a belirgindi. E\u011fer dokunulmazl\u0131k Hinduizm’in bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olabiliyorsa, ya koku\u015fmu\u015f bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r, ya da bir urdur. Bir\u00e7ok tarikat ve kast\u0131n raison d’\u00eatre<\/em>ini (varl\u0131k sebebini) anlayam\u0131yorum. Vedalar\u0131n Tanr\u0131 S\u00f6z\u00fc oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemenin anlam\u0131 nedir? E\u011fer Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n ilham\u0131yla yaz\u0131ld\u0131ysa neden \u0130ncil ve Kur’an da \u00f6yle olmas\u0131n? Hristiyan arkada\u015flar\u0131m gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman arkada\u015flar\u0131m da beni dinlerine d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Abdullah \u015eet beni s\u00fcrekli \u0130slam’\u0131 incelemeye te\u015fvik etti ve her zaman ne kadar g\u00fczel oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6ylecek s\u00f6z\u00fc bulunuyordu.” (kaynak:Otobiyografisi)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
“Ahlaki temeli kaybetti\u011fimizde dindar olmaktan da uzakla\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Ahlak\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir din gibi bir \u015fey yoktur. \u0130nsan, \u00f6rne\u011fin hem yalanc\u0131, zalim olup, nefsine hakim olamay\u0131p, hem de Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n kendi yan\u0131nda oldu\u011funu iddia edemez.”<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
“Muhammed’in hadisleri yaln\u0131zca m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in de\u011fil t\u00fcm insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in birer hikmet hazinesidir.”<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerinde bir Hindu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 soruldu\u011funda \u015f\u00f6yle yan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\n
“Evet \u00f6yleyim. Ayn\u0131 zamanda hristiyan, m\u00fcsl\u00fcman, budist ve yahudiyim.”<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

Eserleri<\/h2>\n

Gandi \u00fcretken bir yazard\u0131. Uzun y\u0131llar aralar\u0131nda G\u00fcney Afrika’da iken Gucarati dilinde Harijan<\/em>, Hindi dilinde ve \u0130ngilizce; Indian Opinion<\/em> ile Hindistan’a d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ngilizce Young India<\/em> gazetesi ile Gujarati dilinde Navajivan adl\u0131 ayl\u0131k dergi gibi bir\u00e7ok gazete ve derginin edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapt\u0131. Sonralar\u0131 Navajivan Hindi dilinde de yay\u0131mland\u0131.Bunlara ek olarak hemen hemen her g\u00fcn ki\u015filere ve gazetelere mektuplar yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gandi aralar\u0131nda otobiyografisi Do\u011frulukla Olan Deneyimlerimin \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fc<\/em> ‘n\u00fcn de bulundu\u011fu, G\u00fcney Afrika’daki m\u00fccadelesi hakk\u0131nda Satyagraha in South Africa<\/em> (G\u00fcney Afrika’da Satyagraha), siyasi bir bro\u015f\u00fcr olan Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule<\/em>, ve John Ruskin’in Unto This Last<\/em> denemesinin Gucarati dilindeki yorumu gibi bir\u00e7ok eser yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu son deneme ekonomi \u00fczerine denemesi olarak say\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca yo\u011fun olarak etyemezlik, beslenme ve sa\u011fl\u0131k, din, sosyal reformlar gibi konular \u00fczerine de yazd\u0131. Gandi genellikle Gucarati dilinde yazd\u0131 ama kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n Hindi ve \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirilerini de d\u00fczeltti.<\/p>\n

Gandi’nin t\u00fcm eserleri 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi<\/em> (Mahatma Gandi’nin T\u00fcm Eserleri) ad\u0131yla Hindistan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mland\u0131. Yaz\u0131lar yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz cilt i\u00e7inde toplanm\u0131\u015f 50.000 sayfadan olu\u015fur. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fcm eserlerin g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f bask\u0131s\u0131, Gandi’nin takip\u00e7ilerinin h\u00fck\u00fcmeti siyasal ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmas\u0131 ile su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gandi hakk\u0131nda kitaplar<\/h3>\n

Bir\u00e7ok biyografi yazar\u0131 Gandi’nin hayat\u0131n\u0131 yazmay\u0131 \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda iki tanesi di\u011ferlerinin aras\u0131ndan s\u0131yr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: D. G. Tendulkar’\u0131n sekiz ciltlik Mahatma. Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi<\/em> (Mahatma, Mohandas Karam\u00e7and Gandi’nin Ya\u015fam\u0131) ile Pyarelalve Sushila Nayyar’\u0131n on ciltlik Mahatma Gandhi<\/em> ‘si. ABD Ordusu’ndan Albay G. B. Singh’in hayat\u0131n\u0131n yirmi y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131ara\u015ft\u0131rma kitab\u0131 Gandhi: Behind the Mask of Divinity<\/em> ‘yi (Gandi:Kutsall\u0131k Maskesinin Ard\u0131nda) yazmak i\u00e7in Gandi’nin \u00f6zg\u00fcn konu\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 toplamak i\u00e7in ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak : Vikipedi<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mohandas Karam\u00e7and Gandi (2 Ekim 1869 \u2013 30 Ocak 1948), Hindistan ve Hindistan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Hareketi’nin siyasi ve ruhani lideridir. Ger\u00e7ek ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 aktif ama \u015fiddet unsuru i\u00e7ermeyen direni\u015f ile ilgili olan Satyagraha felsefesinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu felsefe Hindistan’\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015fturmu\u015f ve d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde vatanda\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck savunucular\u0131na ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Gandi Hindistan’da ve d\u00fcnyada, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"","_yoast_wpseo_focuskw_text_input":""},"categories":[60],"tags":[404,2920,2921],"yoast_head":"\n"U\u011frunda \u00f6lmeyi g\u00f6ze alaca\u011f\u0131m bir\u00e7ok dava var ama u\u011frunda \u00f6ld\u00fcrece\u011fim hi\u00e7bir dava yoktur." 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Ger\u00e7ek ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 aktif ama \u015fiddet unsuru i\u00e7ermeyen direni\u015f ile ilgili olan Satyagraha felsefesinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu felsefe Hindistan’\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015fturmu\u015f ve d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde vatanda\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck savunucular\u0131na ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 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