{"id":48178,"date":"2011-10-16T11:24:29","date_gmt":"2011-10-16T08:24:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.epochtimestr.com\/?p=48178"},"modified":"2013-03-29T12:10:09","modified_gmt":"2013-03-29T09:10:09","slug":"sohbet-agizdan-kulaga-telefonla-konusarak-cok-daha-rahat-alexander-graham-bell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/index.php\/sohbet-agizdan-kulaga-telefonla-konusarak-cok-daha-rahat-alexander-graham-bell","title":{"rendered":"Sohbet. A\u011f\u0131zdan Kula\u011fa Telefonla Konu\u015farak \u00c7ok Daha Rahat! Alexander Graham Bell"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Alexander Graham Bell 3 Mart 1847 Edinburgh, \u0130sko\u00e7ya’da do\u011fdu. 1876’da telefonun icad\u0131<\/strong> ile tan\u0131nan Alexander Graham Bell \u00f6nce Ontario’ya, daha sonra Boston’a yerle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda Graham Bell, sa\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n sessizli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Bunu ba\u015faramad\u0131 ama her g\u00fcn yeni bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe kavu\u015fan telefonla birbirinden kilometrelerce uzaktaki insanlar\u0131n birbirlerini duymalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Telefonun yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan olan Graham Bell’in annesi do\u011fu\u015ftan sa\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Dedesi ve babas\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131rlara adad\u0131. \u00d6zellikle babas\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131rlara, duymasalar bile konu\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ki karde\u015fi veremden \u00f6l\u00fcnce, babas\u0131 kalan tek o\u011flunun sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Kanada’ya g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fc. Babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra onun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tmak ve yaymak i\u00e7in \u00e7abalayan Graham Bell ABD’ye gitti. Burada bir s\u00fcre sa\u011f\u0131rlara dil \u00f6\u011fretmeni yeti\u015ftiren okulda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Daha sonra kendi okulunu kurdu.<\/p>\n

\u00dcn\u00fc k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yay\u0131lan Bell, Oxford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne konuk \u00f6\u011fretmen olarak \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ngiltere’de eline ge\u00e7en Alman Hermann von Helmholz adl\u0131 bilginin i\u015fitme fizyolojisine ili\u015fkin kitab\u0131n\u0131 okudu. M\u00fczik sesinin bir tel arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile aktar\u0131labilinece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada ba\u015fka bilim adamlar\u0131 da bu konularda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyordu. Ilisha Gray bunlardan biriydi.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere’den d\u00f6nen Bell, Boston \u00dcniversitesi \u0130nsan Sesi Fizyolojisi<\/strong> dal\u0131 profes\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne getirildi. Kuramsal bilgilerini teknik destekle ya\u015fama ge\u00e7irmeye ve i\u015fitme engelliler i\u00e7in duymalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak aletler yapmaya giri\u015fti. Thomas Watson adl\u0131 bir elektrik m\u00fchendisi ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in maddi destek gerekti\u011finde kendisine Avukat Gardnier Greene Hubbart yard\u0131m elini uzatt\u0131. Bell ve Watson 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda sesin tel \u00fczerinden bir ba\u015fka yere gitti\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Ancak ses anla\u015f\u0131lmaz bir durumdayd\u0131. 14 \u015eubat 1876 g\u00fcn\u00fc Bell ve Gray telefon patenti almak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ba\u015fvuru yapt\u0131. Bell’e 7 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc istedi\u011fi patent verildi. 174.465 nolu patentini alan Bell at\u00f6lyede denemelerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken telefonu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bataryadan pantolonuna asit d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc. Watson’u yard\u0131ma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131:<\/p>\n

“Bay Watson, \u00e7abuk buraya gelin. Sizi istiyorum.”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bell yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yard\u0131ma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rken fark\u0131nda olmadan ilk telefon g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesini yapt\u0131. Watson Bell’in sesini “telefon”<\/strong>dan duydu. ABD’nin 100\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc kurulu\u015f y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcne denk gelen bu bulu\u015fu ona d\u00fczenlenen Y\u00fcz Y\u0131l sergisinde bir\u00e7ok \u00f6d\u00fcl kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Bell bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in maddi ve manevi destek g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Hubbart Ailesi\u2019nden Mabel ile bir y\u0131l sonra evlendi.<\/p>\n

E\u015fi d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131ndan beri sa\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Bell \u00f6\u011frencisi olarak tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve daha sonra evlendi\u011fi Mabel’e derin bir sevgi duydu. Artan \u00fcn\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131n hi\u00e7bir zaman ne e\u015fini ne de sa\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 unuttu. E\u015fine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta “E\u015fin, hangi noktaya \u00e7\u0131karsa \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n, ne denli zengin olursa olsun, emin ol sa\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 her zaman d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnecektir” diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6lgesinde kalan yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu sa\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k konusundayd\u0131. Sa\u011f\u0131r annesinin ve e\u015finin duyamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sesleri kaydetmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. “Gramofon”<\/strong>dan kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 paray\u0131 bug\u00fcn de sa\u011f\u0131rlar i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fcten Alexander Graham Bell Sa\u011f\u0131rlar Kurumu\u2019na harcad\u0131. Fransa h\u00fck\u00fbmeti insanl\u0131\u011fa hizmetinden dolay\u0131 onur \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc ve para \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc verdi. Verilen paray\u0131 Washington’da Sa\u011f\u0131rlar i\u00e7in Volta Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc kurmada kulland\u0131. \u0130lk el telefonunu geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Bell teknik sorunlar\u0131 alt etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bir yandan da kendisini dava eden Gray’a kar\u015f\u0131 hukuk sava\u015f\u0131 verdi. Telefon at\u00f6lyeden 4 y\u0131lda \u00e7\u0131kabildi. 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bell’e yard\u0131m eden Tainer radyofon<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri aleti denedi.<\/p>\n

Bir okulun tepesine \u00e7\u0131kan Tainer \u00e7ok uzaktan g\u00f6rebildi\u011fi Bell’e telefonla seslendi “Bay Bell. Bay Bell. Beni duyabiliyorsan\u0131z l\u00fctfen pencerenin \u00f6n\u00fcne gelip \u015fapkan\u0131z\u0131 sallay\u0131n.” Bell \u015fapkas\u0131n\u0131 sallad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131k telefon do\u011fumunun ard\u0131ndan emeklemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Sekiz y\u0131l sonra Connecticut eyaleti ilk telefon \u015febekesine sahip kent oldu.<\/p>\n

Telefon yak\u0131n y\u0131llara dek T\u00fcrkiye’de oldu\u011fu gibi santraller ve memurlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Bir s\u00fcre sonra santrallerde erkek memur yerine kad\u0131n memurun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gelene\u011fi ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lk kad\u0131n santral memuru da Boston’da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayan Emma Nut oldu.<\/p>\n

Kimi siyah beyaz filmlerde g\u00fclme konusu yap\u0131lan “manyetolu telefon”<\/strong> g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri 1899 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almon B. Stowger adl\u0131 birinin katk\u0131s\u0131 ile otomatikle\u015fmeye y\u00f6neldi. \u0130\u015fin garip taraf\u0131 Stowger telefoncu de\u011fil cenaze levaz\u0131mat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Rakibinin e\u015fi telefon \u015firketinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Cenaze i\u015fleri i\u00e7in Strowger’\u0131 arayanlar\u0131 bu memur kendi e\u015fine ba\u011fl\u0131yordu. Bu zor durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak i\u00e7in kollar\u0131 s\u0131vayan Strowger otomatik santral\u0131 yapmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Halk yeni telefona “k\u0131zs\u0131z telefon”<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 takt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc telefonlara benzemeyen bir bi\u00e7imdeydi. \u00dczerinde birler, onlar, y\u00fczler basama\u011f\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden \u00fc\u00e7 tu\u015f bulunuyordu. Ba\u011flanmak istenen numara tu\u015flara aranan numarada yer alan rakam\u0131n de\u011feri kadar bas\u0131larak sa\u011flan\u0131yordu. Arayan ki\u015fi tu\u015fa ka\u00e7 kez bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in karma\u015faya da yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu. Bunun da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden bulundu.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede New York sokaklar\u0131n\u0131 telefon direkleri ve kablo hatlar\u0131 \u00f6r\u00fcmcek a\u011f\u0131 gibi kaplad\u0131. Y\u00fcr\u00fcnmez bir hale gelen sokaklardaki bir telefon dire\u011fi kablolar\u0131 tutan 50 \u00e7apraz tahta ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Telefon g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fama de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imlerde girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

O y\u0131llarda yay\u0131mlanan gazetelere verilen bir reklamda telefon \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131:<\/p>\n

“Sohbet. A\u011f\u0131zdan kula\u011fa telefonla konu\u015farak \u00e7ok daha rahat…”<\/p>\n

Bell 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda New York’u San Francisco’ya ba\u011flayan ilk uzun kentleraras\u0131 telefon hatt\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. Kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yine yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Watson vard\u0131. Aradan ge\u00e7en onca y\u0131la kar\u015f\u0131n Bell ilk g\u00fcn\u00fc unutmad\u0131. Watson’a “Watson seni istiyorum, buraya gel” dedi.<\/p>\n

Telefonun olanaklar\u0131ndan yararlanarak m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7ekmek isteyen oteller aras\u0131nda k\u0131yas\u0131ya bir sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. Oteller \u00fcnl\u00fc m\u00fczik, tiyatro, opera, konser salonlar\u0131na ba\u011flanan telefon “Tiyatrofon”<\/strong> hatt\u0131 ile ald\u0131klar\u0131 sesi lobilerinde oturan m\u00fc\u015fterilerine dinletmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu evlere ve i\u015f yerlerine yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Graham Bell belleklerde telefonun bulucusu olarak yer etse de ad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da vard\u0131. Bunlardan biri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilgi ile t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n izledi\u011fi National Geographic dergisindeki y\u00f6neticili\u011fiydi. Y\u00fczyirmi y\u0131l \u00f6nce silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan ve a\u011f\u0131r yaralanan ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Garfield’\u0131n bedenindeki kur\u015funlar\u0131n yerini belirlemede ilk kez kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 telefonik sonda, R\u00f6ntgen’in X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 ile tan\u0131y\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmesinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Deniz ve hava ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in projeler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

Sa\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n sonucu insanl\u0131k d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gideren bir bulu\u015fu arma\u011fan eden Bell \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ona duyulan b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 ve sevgiden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc soyad\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak telefonu simgelemek i\u00e7in k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 “\u00e7an”<\/strong> resimleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alexander Graham Bell 3 Mart 1847 Edinburgh, \u0130sko\u00e7ya’da do\u011fdu. 1876’da telefonun icad\u0131 ile tan\u0131nan Alexander Graham Bell \u00f6nce Ontario’ya, daha sonra Boston’a yerle\u015fti. Asl\u0131nda Graham Bell, sa\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n sessizli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Bunu ba\u015faramad\u0131 ama her g\u00fcn yeni bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe kavu\u015fan telefonla birbirinden kilometrelerce uzaktaki insanlar\u0131n birbirlerini duymalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Telefonun yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan olan Graham Bell’in annesi do\u011fu\u015ftan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"","_yoast_wpseo_focuskw_text_input":""},"categories":[2610],"tags":[252,253],"yoast_head":"\nSohbet. A\u011f\u0131zdan Kula\u011fa Telefonla Konu\u015farak \u00c7ok Daha Rahat! Alexander Graham Bell - The Epoch Times TR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/epochtimestr.com\/index.php\/sohbet-agizdan-kulaga-telefonla-konusarak-cok-daha-rahat-alexander-graham-bell\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sohbet. A\u011f\u0131zdan Kula\u011fa Telefonla Konu\u015farak \u00c7ok Daha Rahat! Alexander Graham Bell - The Epoch Times TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Alexander Graham Bell 3 Mart 1847 Edinburgh, \u0130sko\u00e7ya’da do\u011fdu. 1876’da telefonun icad\u0131 ile tan\u0131nan Alexander Graham Bell \u00f6nce Ontario’ya, daha sonra Boston’a yerle\u015fti. Asl\u0131nda Graham Bell, sa\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n sessizli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Bunu ba\u015faramad\u0131 ama her g\u00fcn yeni bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe kavu\u015fan telefonla birbirinden kilometrelerce uzaktaki insanlar\u0131n birbirlerini duymalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. 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A\u011f\u0131zdan Kula\u011fa Telefonla Konu\u015farak \u00c7ok Daha Rahat! 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Bunu ba\u015faramad\u0131 ama her g\u00fcn yeni bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe kavu\u015fan telefonla birbirinden kilometrelerce uzaktaki insanlar\u0131n birbirlerini duymalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. 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